<p>Capesthorne Hall is a country house near the village of Siddington, Cheshire, England. The house and its private chapel were built in the early 18th century, replacing an earlier hall and chapel nearby. They were built to Neoclassical designs by William Smith and  his son Francis. Later in the 18th century, the house was extended by the addition of an orangery and a drawing room. In the 1830s the house was remodelled by Edward Blore; the work included the addition of an extension and a frontage in Jacobean style, and joining the central block to the service wings. In about 1837 the orangery was replaced by a large conservatory designed by Joseph Paxton. In 1861 the main part of the house was virtually destroyed by fire. It was rebuilt by Anthony Salvin, who generally followed Blore&#39;s designs but made modifications to the front, rebuilt the back of the house in Jacobean style, and altered the interior. There were further alterations later in the 19th century, including remodelling of the Saloon. During the Second World War the hall was used by the Red Cross, but subsequent deterioration prompted a restoration.</p><br>
<p>The hall is built in brick with ashlar dressings and slate roofs, and is a Grade II* listed building. It has a long entrance front consisting of a three-storey central block with lateral wings, each of which has two four-storey turrets. Outside this on each side are two-storey service blocks that project forward, forming a three-sided entrance forecourt. The ground-floor public rooms include a drawing room, a dining room, and a sculpture gallery. The bedrooms, dressing rooms and another gallery are on the first floor. The hall stands in grounds containing gardens and parkland that includes a lake. A particularly notable listed structure in the grounds is the Grade II* listed private chapel, also designed by William Smith, that is contemporaneous with the hall, together with its elaborate Grade II listed gates and gate piers. The bridge over the lake, an icehouse and a lodge are also listed. The earthworks of the previous hall and chapel and a deserted medieval village in the grounds are together designated as a scheduled ancient monument.</p><br>
<p>Today the hall, chapel and grounds are privately owned by the Bromley-Davenport family. They are open to the public at advertised times, and are used for special events. They are also available to be hired for purposes such as weddings and corporate events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The manor of Capesthorne was held by the Capesthorne family until 1386, when it passed to the Ward family. The house previously on the site was 290 m to the west, with a chapel 25 m to its north, its site being marked by a brick column in the grounds. In 1719 John Ward engaged William Smith to design a new house and chapel on a different site. The first parts of the new house to be built were two lateral detached wings, one for domestic offices, and the other for stables and a coach house. The main block of the house followed later. William Smith died in 1724 and it is thought that the main block was designed by his younger brother, Francis Smith. The house was in Neoclassical style, with a front of seven bays, the middle three bays breaking forward under a pediment, and was built in brick with stone dressings. The house was two rooms deep, with a central entrance hall, and a corridor leading from each side.</p><br>
<p>John Ward died in 1748 and as he had no male heir the manor passed to the Davenport family by the marriage of his daughter Penelope to Davies Davenport. Davies Davenport&#39;s grandson (also called Davies Davenport) improved and extended the house, with the addition of a single-storey orangery to the southwest, and a drawing room to the northwest. When he died, his son, Edward Davies Davenport commissioned Edward Blore to remodel the house. Between 1837 and 1839 Blore joined the lateral wings to the main part of the house by adding new rooms at the sides. He also widened the wings, and built new stables and service courts to the north and south, creating a symmetrical structure. The main part of the house was recessed and, together with the wings, a large forecourt was created. The front of the house itself was refronted in Jacobean style. Mullioned windows replaced sash windows, and a ground floor loggia, and turrets with ogee caps and shaped gables were added. In the centre of the house was a raised attic with a clock and a bellcote. The rest of the building retained its Neoclassical features. The orangery was replaced with a large conservatory designed by Joseph Paxton, and this led directly to the family pew in the chapel. Blore also designed entrance lodges.</p><br>
<p>In 1861, when the house was owned by Edwards son Arthur Henry Davenport, most of the central part of the house was destroyed by fire, leaving only the wings, the loggia, and part of the front wall. Blore had by then retired and Anthony Salvin was commissioned to rebuild the house. He kept generally to Blores plans, but gave the entrance front three shaped gables rather than the central attic. At the rear of the house the garden front was rebuilt in Jacobean rather than Neoclassical style. Internally, Salvin changed the proportions of the storeys, making the ground floor ceilings higher. Arthur Henry Davenport died in 1867 before the rebuilding had been completed, and the house passed to William Bromley-Davenport. During his ownership the saloon was remodelled in 1879 as was the chapel in 1884. In the Second World War the house was used by the Red Cross. By this time the fabric of the house had deteriorated, but it has since been restored. The house continues to be owned by the Bromley-Davenport family.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>Capesthorne Hall is constructed in red brick with ashlar dressings and has a slate roof. Its plan is symmetrical and consists of a central block in three storeys with cellars, and two-storey lateral blocks protruding forward to form three sides of a forecourt. The middle part of the central block is in seven bays, with a colonnade consisting of segmental arches. These are carried on Tuscan columns with circular panels in the spandrels, and keystones decorated with diamond rustication. Behind this are seven mullioned and transomed windows, and there are similar windows in the middle storey. Above these is a cornice and three shaped gables containing mullioned windows. The gables have stone copings and finials, and contain heraldic panels. Flanking the middle part of the central block are three-storey slightly projecting wings. They have one central bay and lateral four-storey turrets. The central bays contain two-storey canted bay windows, above which are pierced stone parapets, three-light mullioned windows, and shaped gables with pierced ogee finials. The turrets have bands between the stages, single-light windows and ogee caps with finials.</p><br>
<p>Projecting forward on each side of the central block are two-storey service blocks. The façades facing the forecourt are similar, with semicircular arches in front of them, that on the left side being blocked, and the arch on the right side forming a porte-cochère. Behind the arches are seven-bay fronts, the central bay projecting slightly and containing a door with a fanlight. Above this is an oriel window on consoles over which is a shaped gable. The other windows in both storeys are sashes. The outward facing fronts are similar to the forecourt fronts, except that the end and centre bays protrude and are gabled. Between the gables are balustraded parapets.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>In rebuilding the interior of the house after the fire of 1861, Salvin followed Blores design in some of the rooms, and in others he used his own designs. The Entrance Hall very much follows Blores design. It has a panelled ceiling with pendants, and the windows contain 19th-century stained glass arranged by Willement, featuring the arms of the Davenport and Ward families. The chimney piece was added by Salvin, and contains the figures of a caryatid and an Atlas that were formerly part of the reading desk of the two-decker pulpit in the chapel. The Sculpture Gallery, also by Blore, also has a panelled ceiling, and consists of a corridor along the sides of which are arched niches. Most of the sculptures in the gallery were collected by Edward Davies Davenport, and consist of ancient copies of famous Greek sculptures. There is also the face of Charles James Fox by Joseph Nollekens, and a pair of Dancing Girls by Antonio Canova. The Saloon is by Salvin, and again has a panelled ceiling. The room features a large fireplace with an overmantel in the early Renaissance style, numerous family portraits, and vases collected on the overseas trips. The Drawing Room, designed by Salvin, is on the garden front, and features a panelled ceiling with pendants, and a floral frieze. In the room are twin fireplaces made from Coade stone, dated to 1789, which originally belonged to the family&#39;s house in Belgravia, London. Both are carved, one depicting Faith, Hope and Charity, and the other the Aldobrandini Marriage.</p><br>
<p>The State Dining Room is very much as Blore designed it, and has a panelled ceiling with pendants, and wooden panelling up to the line of the dado. The room contains a large fireplace in early Renaissance style, made from white and variegated marble, and containing the family arms. Also in the room are sculptures by Joseph Wilton. The Staircase Hall is by Salvin, and is divided from the Sculpture Gallery by three semicircular archways. On the walls are portraits of the Bromley family. The staircase has a wrought iron balustrade decorated with acanthus and roundels with the crests of the Bromleys and the Davenports. The Davenport crest consists of a felon with a rope around his neck; in these roundels the felon has the face of William Gladstone, a political opponent of the Davenports. There are four further ground floor rooms, all by Salvin.</p><br>
<p>The Library has a panelled ceiling with diamond motifs. It contains imitation Jacobean panelling and a Jacobean fireplace from the now-demolished Marton Hall. The Study also has a panelled ceiling, and in this case includes a circular central motif. The Private Dining Room contains a 19th-century marble fireplace, and the Ground Floor Bedroom has a coffered ceiling and a Victorian-baroque fireplace.</p><br>
<p>The first floor landing has archways similar to those on the ground floor. Leading from this is the Upper Gallery, which contains documents relating to the genealogy of the Bromley-Davenports. Beyond this is the Dorothy Davenport Room and its dressing room. The room gets its name from Dorothy Davenport (1562–1639). She spent 26 years in creating the needlework that is mounted on the Jacobean bed in the room. The work includes the dates of its progress, and depicts, among other subjects, the Garden of Eden and Man&#39;s Fall from Paradise. The other rooms on the first floor include the State Bedroom, which contains valuable items of furniture, such as a commode by Boulle, and a pair of encoignures, the State Dressing Room, the American Room, which is decorated with items from Philadelphia, and the Yellow Room, which was the bedroom of Sir William Bromley-Davenport who died in 1949. In the passage outside the American Room is a portrait of the philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau by Allan Ramsay.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The hall is surrounded by a landscaped park that includes woodland, parkland, lawns, lakes with a boat house, and an arboretum containing 18th-century maple trees. In the grounds are a number of structures of notability and interest.</p><br>
<h3>Chapel and chapel gates</h3><br>
<p>The chapel was designed by William Smith, and was remodelled in 1887. It is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. The chapel is built in brick on a stone plinth with stone dressings and a slate roof, and consists of a three-bay nave and an apsidal chancel, with a bell turret. The doorway and the windows are round-headed, and around the top of the chapel is a cornice and a balustrade with square piers capped by swagged ball finials. Inside the chapel the original box pews were replaced by facing pews in college style. At the west end is a raised family pew. On the walls are terracotta panels by George Tinworth. The reredos is in mosaic with an alabaster surround, it was made by Salviati and is loosely based on Giotto&#39;s Dormition. To the southwest of the chapel are gates and gate piers. The gate piers date from the 20th century, and the gates from about 1750. The piers are in brick on stone plinths and have stepped stone caps with ball finials. The gates are in wrought iron and were made in Milan. They are wide with arched centres and contain Rococo panels depicting Saint Andrew with his cross.</p><br>
<h3>Other structures</h3><br>
<p>The bridge crossing the lake dates from about 1843, and is constructed in brick with stone dressings. It consists of five segmental arches, with abutments running down to the banks. The arches have rusticated voussoirs and keystones, and above the voussoirs are hood moulds. Between the arches are brick pilasters. Along the top of the bridge is a stone balustrade with square piers. Also in the grounds is an icehouse dating from the 18th or early 19th century. It is built in brick and consists of a circular domed chamber. From the arched entrance a barrel vaulted passage leads through a rectangular opening into the chamber. Also in the grounds is a summer house that was formerly the bell turret of the chapel. It carries a gold flag with the date 1722. The lodge at the north entrance to the grounds was designed by Blore and dates from about 1843. It is built in brick with ashlar dressings and has a felt roof. The lodge consists of a three-storey square tower containing two-light mullioned windows. At the top of the tower is an entablature with a panelled parapet and pierced ogee finials on the corners. The roof is ogee-shaped with a ball finial and a flagpole.</p><br>
<h3>Earthworks</h3><br>
<p>Although the earlier hall and chapel have long been demolished, earthworks remaining from them are still present, as are those of a nearby deserted medieval village. The platform for the chapel, which measures about 20 m by 6 m, is still present. There are extensive earthworks on the site of the hall. To the east of these are the platforms and enclosures of about seven medieval houses, and associated with these is evidence of a medieval field system. All these earthworks are designated together as a scheduled ancient monument.</p><br>
<h2>Appraisal</h2><br>
<p>The hall, together with the wall surrounding the entrance court, and the chapel are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade II* listed buildings. The gate and gate piers associated with the chapel are listed at Grade II, as are the bridge crossing the lake, the ice house, and the north lodge. Grade II is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest".</p><br>
<p>De Figueiredo and Treuherz note that when Salvin restored the two wings that each contain two turrets on the front of the hall, he left their tops open on two sides, so that they appear solid from the front but not from the back. Hartwell et al in the Buildings of England series, commenting on the appearance of the hall, say "but it is all front". They note "the thinness of the end parts and the hollowness of the sham towers" and state that the "back is without drama", and conclude that "it is a grand concept executed lamely".</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>Capesthorne Hall is a member of the Historic Houses Association, and the hall, chapel and gardens are open to the general public on advertised times between March and October, for which there is an admission charge, and refreshments are available for visitors. The hall and gardens are available to hire for weddings and for corporate events. A programme of events is organised in the hall and in the grounds, where there is a caravan park.</p><br>
<p>Shavers Fork Mountain Complex is the name given to the mountains on either side of Shavers Fork in the highlands portions of Randolph County, Pocahontas County, and Tucker County in West Virginia, USA. Much of the land surrounding the river and its adjacent mountains is protected by Monongahela National Forest including about 20,000 acre of designated wilderness.</p><br>
<h2>Mountains</h2><br>
<h3>Cheat Mountain</h3><br>
<p>Cheat Mountain follows the western side of Shavers Fork from Thorny Flat in Pocahontas County north to near Parsons in Tucker County. This ridge separates the Shavers Fork valley from the Tygart Valley River valley.</p><br>
<p>Its high point is at Thorny Flat. Another notable point is where the Staunton-Parkersburg Turnpike (present-day USA Route 250) crosses Cheat Mountain at White Top. During the American Civil War, it was home to the highest Union Army fortification of the war.</p><br>
<h3>Shavers and Back Allegheny Mountains</h3><br>
<p>Shavers Mountain and Back Allegheny Mountain are part of the same structural ridge that follows the eastern edge of Shavers Fork from Pocahontas County into Tucker County. North of USA Route 250, the ridge is known as Shavers Mountain; south, it is Back Allegheny Mountain. This ridge separates the Shavers Fork watershed, which eventually flows to the Monongahela River, from the Greenbrier River watershed, which eventually enters the Kanawha River.</p><br>
<p>One notable high point on Back Allegheny Mountain is Bald Knob, one of the highest points in the state. Just north of US 250 on Shavers Mountain is Gaudineer Knob, which provides scenic overviews of much of the Shavers Fork Mountain Complex. It is also home to the Gaudineer Scenic Area, a protected stand of spruce trees.</p><br>
<h3>Other mountains</h3><br>
<p>Several other neighboring mountains are frequently considered to be part of the Shavers Fork Mountain Complex.</p><br>
<p>Bickle Knob</p><br>
<p>McGowan Mountain</p><br>
<p>Elk Mountain</p><br>
<p>Middle Mountain</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Much of the Shavers Fork area was heavily timbered in the early 20th century after the Western Maryland Railway and Durbin subdivision of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway opened, providing economic transport. By the 1930s, much of the land was completely denuded. This led to devastating floods and fires of the remaining trees. In the 1930s, reforestation of the land began in ernest through Civilian Conservation Corps projects of the Monongahela National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The mountains in this area, particularly the Cheat and Back Allegheny, are notorious for their bad weather, especially in winter. Both record lows and record snowfall for the state of West Virginia have occurred here. Terrible storms and bitter cold are the norm from November to April, although it has been known to snow on the highest summits as early as mid-September and as late as June 7. Freezing temperatures and frost have occurred during every month and rime ice accumulations are common above 4,000 ft. As a rule of thumb, "if you don&#39;t like the weather, wait 10 minutes and it will change."</p><br>
<p>Matchaponix Brook is a tributary of the South River in Monmouth and Middlesex counties, New Jersey in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Matchaponix Brook (Lenape for "country of poor bread") is born in Englishtown at the convergence of Weamaconk Creek and McGellairds Brook, adjacent to the headwaters of Manalapan Brook. It meets Pine Brook at the county line. Upon entering Middlesex County, it forms the boundary between Old Bridge and Monroe Townships. Cutting west and then turning north again, it sweeps around the Old Bridge Airport and meets Barclay Brook just south of the hamlet of Texas. From thence it continues north to meet Manalapan Brook and form the South River and Duhernal Lake.</p><br>
<p>The brook has a drainage area of 41.7 square miles.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>*Barclay Brook</p><br>
<p>*Pine Brook</p><br>
<p>*Weamaconk Creek</p><br>
<p>*McGellairds Brook</p><br>
<p>Springfield Lake is a small lake located in Middle Sackville, Halifax Regional Municipality. The shoreline perimeter is 5.6 km, the mean depth is 3 m and the maximum depth is 5 m . Springfield is a headwater lake that is fed solely by underground springs and runoff. Located in the Shubenacadie watershed, it ultimately feeds into the Bay of Fundy. It lies in pyretic slate bedrock that is high in hydrogen and sulphur . The shoreline is fully developed  with over 530 houses in the 500 ha watershed. Homes on streets adjacent to the lake receive municipal sewage treatment. There is a HRM Water Pollution Control Plant , constructed in 1987, that discharges effluent into a stream outflowing at the north end of the lake. There is a public beach at the northwestern end of the Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Details</h2><br>
<p>Average width: 431 m</p><br>
<p>Basin permanence index: 0.46 m3/km</p><br>
<p>Approximate flushing rate: 2.1 volumes per year</p><br>
<p>Relative depth: 0.43%</p><br>
<p>Shoreline development index: 1.70</p><br>
<p>Volume development index: 2.1</p><br>
<p>In-lake total phosphorus retention index: 0.7</p><br>
<p>Lake Purrumbete is a volcanic lake located in the Western District of Victoria, Australia. Lake Purrumbete is approximately 15 km east of the town of Camperdown. The lake is in a shallow maar. The water is crystal clear most times of the year as the lake relies totally on its own catchment.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational activities</h2><br>
<p>Lake Purrumbete is a prime destination for anglers chasing chinook salmon and rainbow and brown trout. The banks are heavily weeded at places, but the depth drops sharply once away from the bank, it can get more than 60 m deep. There are heavy-duty boat ramps and jetties at the caravan park.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Purrumbete Caravan Park has cabins, ice, public toilets, mooring facilities, jetties, fish cleaning facilities, day parking and a dual lane concrete boat ramp. The park is on the foreshore at the lake’s southern end.</p><br>
<p>Lake Palić  is a lake 8 km from Subotica, near the town of Palić, in Serbia. It covers an area of 3.8 km&sup2;. The average depth of the lake is 2 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Despite popular belief, Lake Palić is not a remnant of the vast Pannonian Sea which covered this area and completely drained out some 600,000 years ago. It is estimated that both the Palić and Ludoš lakes originated in the early Holocene, around 10,000 years ago, when the last major changes in the surrounding terrain occurred. Prior to that, since the draining of the sea, the European climate was much colder, with the exchange of the cold and dry and the warm and wet periods. Alternatively being frozen and defrosted, the rocks crushed under the ice and crumbled into the dust, which formed sand and loess. The winds would then disperse the loess into the valleys of the Danube and Tisza rivers to the southeast. On the wet grounds, the loess became more compact, becoming thinner and claylike. The surrounding dried land became more and more elevated thus creating the depressions which began to collect water. The process was helped with the erosion which was caused by the water flowing into the depressions. Due to the unstable hydrological regime, the lake constantly disappeared and reappeared through history.</p><br>
<p>The lake is shallow, with an average depth of 1.5 to 2 m, while the deepest point is 3.5 m. It is 8 km long and up to 1 km wide.</p><br>
<p>The idea that the lake was remnant of the sea was influenced by its geographical location (in the bed of the former sea) and the fact that the water in the lake was salty. It is more likely that both lakes and the nearby river of Körös-ér are remnants of the former rivers which spilled over the Pannonian basin. Surveys showed that the loess layers are younger than the alluvial ones, so the lakes cant be remains of the former Danubes flow as the wind would naturally cover them with sand and loess.</p><br>
<h2>Human history</h2><br>
<p>The popular local legend of the lake&#39;s origin, which also explains the name, says that the shepherd Paul (Pal in Hungarian, Pavle in Serbian) was pasturing his sheep in the area. He had a lamb with the golden fleece but the lamb disappeared one day and the inconsolable Paul cried so much that his tears flooded the pasture and created the salty lake. The lake was then named Paligo Palus in Latin, Palics in Hungarian or Pavlova bara in Serbian.</p><br>
<p>The lake was mentioned for the first time in June 1462 when Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus bestowed it to his mother, Queen Mother of Hungary, Erzsébet Szilágyi, as part of the puszta-like Csongrád County. It was mentioned as Palij. In Ottoman inscription from 1580, it was recorded as the village of Palegyhaza in Subotica nahiyah. The writing says the village has 10 houses. and that all pay taxes.</p><br>
<p>In 1845 the first spa bathroom with wooden baths and an inn were built. Data on the quality of the water originate from 1847 when the first chemical analysis was done. The lake became a spa and the water was used for the soda water production. From the late 19th and into the most of the 20th century, the cyclic development of the overgrowth followed by the fish kill were common. In 1970 the eutrophication reached its peak and almost all the wildlife in the lake died. In 1971 the lake was dried, the sludge was dredged and removed, the filters were placed and the lake was refilled in 1976, but in the next decades, the lake got polluted again.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Over 200 bird species live in the protected section of the lake. During the emptying and refilling of the lake in the 1970s, artificial island made of the dried sludge were formed. They became known as the birds islands, and are today the only nesting location of black-headed gull in Serbia. Surrounding shrubs are habitats of some of the most endangered birds in Serbia, like the migrating pygmy cormorant and razorbill.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Lake Palić has a relatively short summer season. Influenced by the Hungarian border wellness and spa centers which operate the entire year (Mórahalom, Szeged, Makó, Gyula), the idea of building a wellness complex with the spa was launched in 2006. Master plan for Palić was made in 2007 and the revitalization plan in 2014. Only in 2015 a spatial plan was finished, which included the area between the lakes Palić and the neighboring Krvavo Lake, which is divided from Palić by a small embankment. The covered area includes 8.7 hectare on which the lots were enlarged in an effort to make it easier for the construction of the future complex (closed and opened swimming pools, aqua park, hotel complex, etc.) All previous plans also include the revitalization of the Palić Spa. Works on improving the lake area include: removal of all sources which pollute the lake with nitrogen and phosphorus, which effectively kills the lake; construction of the sewage system around the lake; creation of the protective 25 m buffer zone which would prevent the nutrients from the arable land in the vicinity to reach the lake; replacement of the fish species in the lake; tightened regime of the purifying sewage water from Subotica, which still empties into the lake. Some of the experimental works on a small section of the lake which is not opened for tourists showed some success, but as of 2017 everything is still just at the planning stage. Expropriation of the surrounding land is expected to be finished by the end of 2017 which would allow the formation of the buffer zone and the sewage in the town of Palić was to be done by 2018.</p><br>
<p>The lake is partially encircled with the 4.5 km long pedestrian and bicycle path.</p><br>
<p>Olana State Historic Site was the home of Frederic Edwin Church , one of the major figures in the Hudson River School of landscape painting. The centerpiece of Olana is an eclectic villa composed of many styles, difficult to categorize, which overlooks parkland and a working farm designed by the artist. The residence has a wide view of the Hudson River valley, the Catskill Mountains and the Taconic Range. Church and his wife Isabel  named their estate after a fortress-treasure house in ancient Greater Persia , which also overlooked a river valley.</p><br>
<p>Olana is one of the few intact artists home-, studio- and estate-complexes in the United States; it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It is owned and operated by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and is also supported by The Olana Partnership, a non-profit 501(c) organization. The main building is an architectural masterpiece designed by the architect Calvert Vaux working closely with Church. The interior remains much as it was during Churchs lifetime, exotically furnished and decorated with objects from his global travels, and with some 40 paintings by Church and his friends. The house is intricately stenciled inside and out; Church designed the stencils based on his travels in the Middle East. The house contains Church&#39;s last studios, built as an addition from 1888 to 1890.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1845, Frederic Church first sketched on the property that was to become Olana. He was then a student of Thomas Cole, now considered a founding figure of the Hudson River School of painters. On March 31, 1860, a few months before his marriage to Isabel Carnes, Church returned to purchase a 126 acre hardscrabble farm on a south-facing slope of a hill in Columbia County, near the thriving towns of Hudson and Catskill, New York. The first element he added to the property was a small country cottage, believed to have been designed by Richard Morris Hunt. In addition, Church laid out gardens and orchards, dredged a marsh to create a 10 acre lake, planted trees, and built a studio. Frederic and Isabel Church called their house "Cosy Cottage" and their property "the Farm".</p><br>
<p>Two children were born to the Churches, a son in 1862 and a daughter in 1865. The family&#39;s bucolic life at Olana was forever changed in March, 1865, with the deaths of the children from diphtheria. Grieving from this, the greatest emotional blow of their lives, the parents traveled with sympathetic friends to Jamaica for four months, then to a retreat in Vermont. Late in 1865, the couple returned to Cosy Cottage to start anew. Frederic Joseph Church was born in autumn 1866, the first of three sons and a daughter that were raised to adulthood at Olana.</p><br>
<p>In 1867 Church acquired a parcel of mature woods at the top of his hill, and began planning a large house for the site. After an 18-month trip to Europe and the Middle East, Church hired architect Calvert Vaux and worked with him on the design of the mansion, which was constructed between 1870 and 1872.</p><br>
<p>Church continuously improved the property, plotting scenic carriage roads and adding a studio wing to the house over the period 1888–1891. Although the Churches often wintered in warmer climates, and spent time in New York City, Olana was their main residence. After Isabel Churchs death in 1899 and Frederic Churchs death in 1900, the property was inherited by their son Louis Church, who married Sarah Baker Good (known as Sally) in 1901. Louis and Sally Church maintained the property largely as it had been left to them, adding additional acreage for farming. Upon Sally Church&#39;s death in 1964, a nephew inherited the estate and intended to sell it to developers at a public auction. After a two-year anti-development campaign led by scholar David C. Huntington (1922–1990), which culminated in a cover story on Olana in Life magazine, New York State purchased the property in 1966 and it was opened to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Landscape</h2><br>
<p>Over the last forty years of his life, Frederic Church created a 250 acre designed landscape at Olana. In an 1884 letter, Church wrote of his work on the grounds at Olana, “I can make more and better landscapes in this way than by tampering with canvas and paint in the studio.” Today Olana is known as one of the most important surviving Picturesque landscapes in the United States. Produced during the same period with the same aesthetic and ideological motivations, the landscape at Olana has been compared to Central Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux.</p><br>
<p>Church began the physical landscape design at Olana by searching three years for the ideal property. He had walked and sketched throughout much of New England and elsewhere by that time, but his formative two years studying with Thomas Cole in nearby Catskill, New York, brought him back to the Hudson Valley. The Church estate covers a series of small knolls rising up to the Sienghenbergh – Dutch for “Long Hill” – where the main house is sited. From various points around the property, one has views of the Hudson River, the Catskill, Taconic and Berkshire Mountain ranges, as well as New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont.</p><br>
<p>In 1860, Frederic Church made his initial acquisition of a 126-acre (50.99 ha) farm, which he developed into a ferme ornée, an ornamental farm. Around Cosy Cottage, a profitable 15.5 acre (6.3 ha) orchard and 4.3 acres (1.7 ha) of vegetable and fruit gardens were created in addition to pastures and crop land, each with a distinct visual character. The family always called their place “the farm,” but when he bought the land, Church took about half out of active agricultural production to create a landscaped park. In this park, Church planted thousands of native trees (many transplanted from elsewhere on site); created a 10 acre lake from a swamp; built a freestanding studio, summer house, and rustic benches and railings; and designed five miles (8.05 km) of carriage drives paved in crushed red shale mined on site. Church strategically acquired additional adjacent parcels until his property encompassed 250.2 acres (101.3 ha) and the top of the hill where the main house at Olana now stands.</p><br>
<p>To conceal, reveal and frame vistas of his own property and the wider Hudson Valley, Church combined natural landforms with the careful layout of carriage drives and extensive plantings of trees and shrubs. Frederick Law Olmsted thought of such landscapes as “pictures” through which people might wander. In addition to entertaining often, the Churches opened the Olana grounds to the public. From the popular carriage drives, visitors experienced the artist’s landscape vignettes almost as cinema, in a sequence choreographed by Church. The ultimate aspect of Church’s designed landscape is the view from the main house. There, the ground drops away sharply, the Hudson widens to two miles (3 km) across, and the Catskills rise up steeply. Like Church’s painted views of Niagara Falls, Canadian icebergs, and South American volcanoes this scene captures the majesty of nature. For the artist and his contemporaries, this vista also captured the essence of their new nation with references to pioneering history, present economic strength, and the distinguished literary and artistic legacies of the region’s Knickerbocker Group and Hudson River School.</p><br>
<h2>Main residence</h2><br>
<p>The stone, brick, and polychrome-stenciled villa at Olana is an unusual mixture of Victorian structural elements and Middle-Eastern decorative motifs from different times and places. Moorish elements mix with contrasting Italianate themes. The result was a villa with asymmetrical massing of towers and block masonry punctuated by fanciful windows and porches. The irregular silhouette of the exterior contrasted with the more regular rhythm of rooms arranged around a central hall. On the exterior, Middle Eastern motifs were carried out in colored brick, slate, ceramic tile and especially stenciling. The cornices of the separate sections of the structure were each ornamented with multi-colored and gilt stenciling, the patterns designed by Church himself. The stenciling continued in the principle rooms of the first floor. Together, the various motifs and themes create a unique artistic unity, one that is difficult to categorize.</p><br>
<p>Church designed or commissioned many other ingenious devices, such as amber glass windows overlaid by cut-paper patterns and carved teak woodwork by Lockwood de Forest&#39;s workshops in Ahmadabad, India. With no architectural adviser, Church designed and built the studio wing at the west end of the house, which included guest rooms and a glassed-in observation room in the tower. Describing his house to a newspaper reporter, Church characterized it as "Persian, adapted to the Occident".</p><br>
<p>The furnishings Frederic and Isabel acquired over the course of their lives remain in the house. There are paintings by Frederic Church as well as artwork by his mentor Thomas Cole and friends Martin Johnson Heade and Erastus Dow Palmer. The dining room houses a collection of Old Master paintings. The eclectic assortment of furniture and decorative arts includes carpets, metalwork, ceramics and costumes from the Middle East, folk art and fine art from Mexico, and high-style American and Oriental furniture. The main residence at Olana has been described as a prime example of the Aesthetic Movement in America.</p><br>
<h2>Artworks created</h2><br>
<p>Frederic Church executed some of his most famous works at Olana, in a studio that stood on the hill above the Cosy Cottage. Throughout his life but especially in the 1850s, Church traveled throughout North and South America, making oil and pencil sketches that served as notes for the artwork to come. Although Churchs major artworks appear to be transcriptions of the landscape, they are, as Church called them, "compositions"—composed from his sketches and his own artistic intentions. In the 1860s and 1870s this process occurred at Olana, and also at Churchs 10th Street Studio building in New York City. Typically, Church did the bulk of his work in the studio at Olana, then finished the painting in New York. Church also made vibrant sketches of the Olana landscape; he framed a few and hung them in the main residence.</p><br>
<p>In the studio at Olana he made hundreds of pencil and oil technical drawings for stencils, mantels, banisters, and other architectural elements of the main house. With the onset of rheumatism in the 1870s, Church&#39;s painting became severely curtailed. Increasingly, he turned his attention to Olana itself, improving the landscape, buying artwork for the house, and building the studio wing.</p><br>
<p>Olana was one of several grand artists homes in the Hudson River valley, comparable to Albert Bierstadts Malkasten in Irvington (destroyed by fire in 1882) and Jasper Francis Cropsey&#39;s Ever Rest, in Hastings-on-Hudson.</p><br>
<h2>Viewshed</h2><br>
<p>The Olana Viewshed comprises panoramic views that begin in the Hudson River Valley and extend toward Massachusetts, Vermont, and Connecticut. To the west, the ridge of Sieghenburgh drops off abruptly, offering a view of the Hudson River through a series of native trees planted by Frederic Church in the nineteenth century. West of the Hudson River the eastern range of the Catskill Mountains can be viewed. To the southwest and south the terrain descends to Quarry Hill directing the eye three miles away toward Inbocht Bay. To the southeast and east Blue Hill rises in the distance. In 1876 a New York journalist reported "There are no finer views in the world than he can command from his windows." Church spent over thirty years meticulously designing the landscape—including the excavation of an artificial lake in 1873 to mirror the Hudson and add balance to the viewshed—meanwhile producing dozens of oil sketches of the view from Olana. The property on Long Hill was purchased by Church because of its grand views: "To his skeptical father (who was financing the purchase), Church argued that the lot was important in securing fine openings for the views."</p><br>
<p>After Frederic Church&#39;s lifetime, the Olana Partnership has been pivotal in discouraging the production of two industrial projects that would have impeded the Olana Viewshed. In 1977, The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Power Authority of the State of New York held hearings on siting a nuclear power plant in Cementon, south of Catskill and in the Olana Viewshed. The proposed cooling tower would have reached 250 feet in diameter at its highest point discharging a heavy plume and obscuring views of the Catskill Mountains from several locations, including Olana. A painting of the south view of Olana by Frederic Church was used in the hearings as evidence to support the cultural and historical significance of the Olana Viewshed. In 1979 the Power Authority of the State of New York announced that it was abandoning plans for the proposed Cementon nuclear power plant.</p><br>
<p>On September 14, 1998, St. Lawrence Cement announced plans for a 2.2 million ton coal-fired cement plant in Hudson and Greenport, New York, near the banks of the Hudson River. In 2001, Riverkeeper and a broad environmental coalition, including Olana, petitioned for consulting party status in a Department of Environmental Conservation permit hearing for the proposed project. On April 24, 2005, after severe protest from the Hudson Valley community and environmentalists, St. Lawrence Cement abandoned the Greenport project</p><br>
<p>Since 1992 Scenic Hudson and its conservation partners have contributed to the protection of more than 2,400 acres in the Olana Viewshed. In 2015, a conservation easement protected views from Letterbox Farm Collective.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and management</h2><br>
<p>Olana is managed by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, with support from the Olana Partnership. Both work to restore Olana to its 1890s appearance. A large museum and archive, part of the original Church property, is open to the public and includes over 700 works by Church as well as thousands of works of art by other artists, including paintings by Martin Johnson Heade, Arthur Parton and John Thomas Peele and numerous works by Church&#39;s close friend, the sculptor Erastus Dow Palmer. The archive, open to scholars, contains letters, scrapbooks, bills, receipts and other ephemera. A visitor center is housed in the former carriage house, and an upstairs bedroom has been converted into the Evelyn and Maurice Sharp Gallery, which shows changing exhibitions of artwork drawn mainly from the archival collections.</p><br>
<p>The site was closed during the 2006 season for extensive renovation. Stencils on the walls were stabilized and new carpeting was laid in the Court Hall. Curators and conservators performed rehabilitation work on furniture, upholstery and textiles. Fire safety and climate-control systems were improved. Commissioner Carol Ash said at the re-opening in May 2007, "The installation of new state-of-the-art equipment underscores the commitment of New York State to protect this remarkable historic landmark, and we look forward to once again showcasing the unique collections and extraordinary landscapes of one of our most important cultural resources."</p><br>
<p>The former wagon house in the barn complex now houses educational programs. Future plans include a reconstruction of the wagon house and a stabilization of the main barn, to better fit their role as year-round centers for education. Olana has been cited as an innovative example of a public-private partnership. Olana advocates the preservation of its viewshed by encouraging donations of scenic easements on properties and by discouraging development of industrial projects, such as a proposed cement plant and a proposed power plant.</p><br>
<h2>Historiography</h2><br>
<p>Olana has been the subject of scholarly study by a succession of students and experts on Churchs life. David C. Huntingtons cataloging and analysis in the mid-1960s is acknowledged as the first foundational work. Huntington is credited not only with saving the site from public auction but with bringing Churchs reputation from obscurity to prominence in relation to the Hudson River School. Huntington theorized that the sketches and paintings that Church displayed at Olana, ones he either kept outright or reacquired, were key to understanding the painters personal values.</p><br>
<p>Huntington supposed that the name "Olana" was a corruption of an ancient language—an article to that effect had been published in the 1890s in the Boston Herald and believed for many decades. In 1966, Huntington re-established this story, writing that the Arabic word Alana, meaning "our place on high", was possibly transliterated to Latin as "Olana". Art historian and Church scholar Gerald L. Carr found no confirmation that the Churches ever considered this meaning; instead, Carr believed the answer to be in a copy of Strabos Geographica in Olanas library, a multi-volume reference work given by Isabel Church to her husband on Christmas 1879. situated on a hillside near the Araxes River in Artaxata, a city in modern-day Armenia, close to the eastern border of Turkey and the northwestern arm of Iran. Carr assumed that the Churches began calling their residence "Olana" after reading Strabo. John Ashbery agreed, writing in 1997 that Strabo&#39;s Artaxata "was one of the supposed sites of the Garden of Eden", and that the Churches must have felt kinship with both the idyllic and the protected qualities of ancient Olana.</p><br>
<p>Olana was featured in Bob Vila&#39;s A&E Network four-part production, Guide to Historic Homes of America. For the first episode, on the subject of historic homes in the Northeastern USA, Vila and his crew traveled to five locations containing historic structures. Olana was saved for the last segment of the two-hour-long program—the residence was described as a "palatial amalgam of Middle-Eastern and European influences".</p><br>
<h2>Visitation</h2><br>
<p>Olana is in the south part of Greenport, New York, in Columbia County, south of Hudson and east of Catskill. By car, the estate can be reached from New York State Route 9G, less than an hour&#39;s drive south of Albany. The nearest Amtrak train station is in Hudson. The grounds are open during the day throughout the year and the original carriage roads are accessible. Organized tours of the residence are generally available Tuesday through Sunday, and holiday Mondays, from April to October. From November to March, tours are conducted Friday through Sunday. Reservations for house tours are recommended. Photography is permitted anywhere on the grounds, including the interior of the house.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Marc Cohn album Burning the Daze features a song titled "Olana," about Church and the building of the estate.</p><br>
<p>The Lev Grossman books The Magicians, The Magician King, and The Magician’s Land feature a school of magic called Brakebills that is an amalgam of Olana and Bannerman&#39;s Castle.</p><br>
<p>Aber Alaw  is at the mouth of the Afon Alaw on Anglesey, in North Wales. According to the Mabinogion, it is here that Queen Branwen died of grief after escaping the destruction of Ireland. She and the seven survivors of Prydein  landed at Talebolyon, and upon seeing the coasts of both Ireland and Prydein, she died of a broken heart, blaming herself for the havoc.</p><br>
<p>At Llanddeusant, Anglesey on the banks of the Alaw can be found the cairn called Bedd Branwen, her supposed grave. Now in ruins, it still has one standing stone. It was dug up in 1800, and again in the 1960s by Frances Lynch, who found several urns with human ashes.</p><br>
<h2>Citadel</h2><br>
<p>Aberalaw is the imaginary setting in South Wales of A.J. Cronin&#39;s "The Citadel".</p><br>
<p>The Garbuna Group of volcanoes consists of three volcanic peaks, Krummel, Garbuna, and Welcker, atop a shield volcano. They are located at the southern end of the Willaumez Peninsula, just to the west of the town of Kimbe, in West New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Garbuna contains a large thermal field, probably Papua New Guinea&#39;s largest.</p><br>
<p>Until recently, it was assumed that the Garbuna volcano was probably dormant, or perhaps extinct. The last eruption was believed to have occurred around 1300 AD, or 1,700 years ago. Evidence from past eruptions indicates large amounts of tephra and lava were produced.</p><br>
<p>However, on 17 October 2005 the Garbuna volcano erupted without warning. Ash was reported 4,000 m above the summit. An ash warning for aircraft was distributed by the Darwin office of the Australian Bureau of Meteorology on 19 October, by which time a second new vent had appeared. Ash was apparently drifting to the north-west on 19 October and had contaminated some village water supplies.</p><br>
<p>Eruptions continued into November 2005, although less violently. By January 2006, the main activity was limited to volumes of white vapour being discharged from the new vents.</p><br>
<p>Garbuna is less than 20 km to the west of Kimbe, the main urban centre of West New Britain and the location of an important palm oil industry.</p><br>
<p>In August 2002, the Pago volcano to the east of Kimbe erupted and caused 12,000 people to seek refuge in care centres. The Hoskins airport was closed for some time due to ash falls. This volcano was previously active in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Porto Rafti , official name: Limin Markopoulou , is a seaside resort town in East Attica, Greece. It is part of the municipality Markopoulo Mesogaias, and it is about 15–20 minutes by car from the International airport of Athens, Eleftherios Venizelos, and about 35–40 minutes from downtown Athens via the highway. In 2011, its population was 9,686. The region of Mesogaia is well known for its fine vineyards, figs, and pistachios. Currently, there are several modern wine-making facilities in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The town of Porto Rafti stretches amphitheatrically around the Rafti Bay, a bay of the Aegean Sea, on the east coast of the Attica peninsula. It is surrounded by pine-cladded hills, the tallest of which is Merenta, 613 m above sea level. It is 5 km south of Vravrona, 6 km east of Markopoulo and 26 km southeast of the center of Athens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The port was a major trading place until the collapse of the Roman Empire. The names of the ancient villages around the bay of Porto Rafti were Steiria, Prasiai, and Koroni. They belonged to the paraktia (seaside) Pandionis phyle, according to the division of the Ancient Athenian Democracy by Clisthenes in the early 5th century BCE.</p><br>
<p>The port of Porto Rafti is no longer in use as a commercial harbor due to environmental concerns, but it has an organized marina for smaller recreational vessels with seaside restaurants and cafes. This port was the scene of the allied troops&#39; evacuation after the German invasion in Greece at the end of April 1941.</p><br>
<h2>Porto Rafti Today</h2><br>
<p>Porto Rafti is nowadays a famous seaside resort, with free beaches at the locations of St Spyridon and Avlaki, and an organized municipal beach at Avlaki. Porto Rafti, along with the areas of Keratea, Markopoulo, and Koropi, has experienced a housing development boom since 2004. A problem with the region and the whole Mesogeia region was the lack of an integrated sewerage and watering system, which over the last few years it is being gradually addressed and rectified, region by region. At the borders of the Municipality of Markopoulo, to the north of Porto Rafti, there is the Historic site of ancient Vravrona with an ancient temple and a local museum. Today Porto Rafti is accessible through Attiki Odos and the nearby subway station "Koropi". In addition, a study has been submitted for expansion of suburban railway from Koropi to Lavrio, with intermediate stops in "Markopoulo", "Kalyvia" and "Keratea"</p><br>
<h3>Historic population</h3><br>
<p>Hogback Mountain or Hogsback Mountain is a large hill northeast of Klamath Falls, Oregon, United States. Hogback was named because from Klamath Falls, the hill looks similar to the shoulders of a pig.</p><br>
<p>The majority of Hogback is privately owned, but open to hikers. Fence tampering and all-terrain vehicle (ATV) use is strictly prohibited due to livestock activities on the mountain and surrounding areas. No hunting or firearms are allowed on the mountain without written permission.</p><br>
<p>For hiker safety, there is no public access to the mountain during open deer rifle season which ran October 2–13, 2010 and Oct. 23 – Oct. 31, 2010. This is due to landowners and their guests&#39; hunting activities on this mountain.</p><br>
<p>Foel Fenlli or Moel Fenlli is a hill in Denbighshire, North Wales. With a summit at an elevation of 511 m, it is the second highest peak of the Clwydian Range.</p><br>
<p>A popular ascent leads south from the car park at Bwlch Penbarras, which is also a popular starting point for ascending Moel Famau to the north. The Offa&#39;s Dyke Path runs around the western slopes. The remains of a hillfort roughly ten hectares in area are found on the peak; the site is believed to date back to the Iron Age but was later reoccupied during the Dark Ages. The "iniquitous and tyrannical" king Benlli (after whom the mountain was named) probably lived there c. 450. He was admonished for opposing Saint Germanus, and he and his castle were "consumed by fire from heaven", so the legend goes. There are the remains of strong ramparts on all sides, with an entrance at the west end. In the south-west quarter of the fort enclosure are about two dozen hut platforms; there is a spring close to the centre.</p><br>
<p>Mount Huxley is a mountain located on the West Coast Range in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia. With an elevation of 926 m above sea level, the mountain was named by Charles Gould in 1863 in honour of Professor Thomas Henry Huxley.</p><br>
<p>One of the smaller peaks in the West Coast Range, the mountain comprises a large 200 m outcrop and rock face on its southern side above the King River Gorge just west of the Crotty Dam - parts of which are visible along the river gorge from the West Coast Wilderness Railway where it commences following the King River.</p><br>
<h2>Goldfield</h2><br>
<p>Between April and June 1894 there was a goldfield situated on the slopes, and a syndicate that was discovered to have salted the mine site, with three alleged proponents, Isaac Bertram Barker, William Price and Antonio Briscoe, charged with fraud. On 1 July the Crown Solicitor told a magistrate that while the mine had undoubtedly been salted, there was insufficient evidence, and the charges were withdrawn.</p><br>
<h2>Location and access</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is located north of the King River Gorge and Crotty Dam and north of Mount Jukes; west of the Tofft River, Thureau Hills, and Lake Burbury; south of Mount Owen and Queenstown.</p><br>
<p>A very rough track approaches the mountain from the north, and from the south Queenstown area. The southern side is sheer cliff into the King River Gorge.</p><br>
<p>Mt Huxley e-mail.jpgMount Huxley showing rocky outcrop on the south face above the King River Gorge.</p><br>
<p>Mount Huxley from the air.jpgMount Huxley from the air - from the southwest, and higher than picture at top.</p><br>
<p>Huxley from air 75.JPGMount Huxley from the air - from the west northwest from above the old landing strip, circa 1975.</p><br>
<p>Mount Huxley from air.jpgMount Huxley from the air, at left, King River Gorge centre, Mount Jukes Highway to right, and Lake Burbury and the Crotty Dam at rear.</p><br>
<p>Mount Darwin is a flat-topped mountain in the Sierra Nevada, on the border of between Fresno and Inyo counties in Kings Canyon National Park and the John Muir Wilderness of California.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Two Australian geologists, Ernest Clayton Andrews and Willard D. Johnson, made the first recorded ascent on August 12, 1908.</p><br>
<p>The modern name of the mountain was given to it in 1895 by Theodore S. Solomons and E. C. Bonner of the United States Geological Survey as part of a series of mountains named for the six major exponents of the theory of evolution. Mount Darwin is named for the naturalist, Charles Darwin. Other nearby mountains in the Evolution Group include Mount Mendel, Mount Fiske, Mount Haeckel, Mount Huxley, Mount Spencer, Mount Wallace, and Mount Lamarck. The area around the peaks, known as the Evolution Region, includes Evolution Basin and Evolution Valley.</p><br>
<p>Nearby landmarks include Darwin Glacier and Darwin Canyon.</p><br>
<p>A similar exercise in naming mountains after naturalists and other late nineteenth century proponents of evolution theory was carried out at the West Coast Range in Tasmania, Australia. In contrast, Mount Darwin in Tierra del Fuego was given its name during the voyage of the Beagle by captain Robert FitzRoy to celebrate Darwin&#39;s 25th birthday on 12 February 1834.</p><br>
<p>Mount Darwin is a mountain located in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<p>With an elevation of 1,033 m above sea level, the mountain is situated on the West Coast Range. On the eastern side of the mountain is Darwin, a long-abandoned town site. Mount Darwin is the southernmost mountain of the West Coast range. Mount Jukes is north of the mountain while Mount Sorell is west of it.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is named in honour of Charles Darwin.</p><br>
<h2>Mine sites</h2><br>
<p>Long abandoned short drives and shallow holes are found on Mount Darwin and are usually cited as being part of the Jukes-Darwin field.</p><br>
<h2>Features and access</h2><br>
<p>The mountain has a plateau and has mining exploration tracks that lead to some of the older workings. It was possible in the 1970s to travel to the top of Mount Darwin in four wheel drive vehicles. The tracks also lead over towards the Clark River Valley which lies between Darwin and Mount Sorell to the west, and some tracks also were made on the ridge between Mount Darwin and the southern side of Mount Jukes.</p><br>
<p>Additional features located adjacent to the mountain includes a series of valleys and depressions called respectively the East Darwin Cirque, the South Darwin Cirque, and the Darwin Crater, a probable impact crater, lying 8.5 km to the south-east of the mountain; the South Darwin Peak, a hill; and the Darwin Plateau.</p><br>
<p>Skylands is a 1,119 acres  estate property located in Ringwood State Park in Ringwood, New Jersey, a borough in Passaic County in the state of New Jersey. The Skylands property consists of the historic Skylands Manor mansion, The Castle at Skylands Manor and the New Jersey Botanical Garden; the botanical garden is 96 acre and it is open to the public year round. The Skylands property is within the Ramapo Mountains and it is maintained by the Skyland Association. The property is marketed with the garden as New Jersey State Botanical Garden at Skylands.</p><br>
<p>The house and gardens, including formal gardens and specimen plantings, were built in the 1920s by Clarence MacKenzie Lewis, a New York City stockbroker and civil engineer. Lewis hired architect John Russell Pope to design the 44-room Tudor revival manor house. The manor is a reproduction English mansion featuring rectangular, bay and oriel windows. A nine-hole golf course once graced this property.</p><br>
<p>In 1966 the entire estate was bought by the State of New Jersey to form a State Botanical Garden whose settings include a Lilac Garden, Magnolia Walk, the Wild Flower Garden, the Crab Apple Vista, an allée of 166 trees extending almost a half-mile, and the Perennial Garden. The entire section now comprises slightly over 4,000 acres (16 km²) of parkland.</p><br>
<p>The Winter Garden included New Jersey&#39;s largest Jeffery pine (Pinus jeffreyi). Its east side features a weeping beech beside a century-old upright beech, as well as a Japanese umbrella pine. Other interesting non-native trees include an Algerian fir (Abies numidica) and Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica).</p><br>
<p>Mount Burke, 1270 m , is a mountain located in northeast Coquitlam, British Columbia, north of Port Coquitlam on the ridge system leading to Coquitlam Mountain. Most of the mountain is part of Pinecone Burke Provincial Park. Mount Burke is a low hill at the end of Cedar Drive in Coquitlam near Minnekehada Park.</p><br>
<p>It is accessed via Coast Meridian Road and Quarry Road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Burke was named for Edmund Burke by Captain George Henry Richards of the HMS Plumper while surveying Burrard Inlet in 1859.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was placed in Pinecone Burke Provincial Park on the park&#39;s creation in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Many people confuse Mount Burke, with the much higher and larger Burke Ridge, which is more commonly known as Burke Mountain, and in the 1920s Burke Ridge was more commonly known as Dollar Mountain, after the Canadian Robert Dollar Company, who logged the lower portions of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>National Topographic System Maps</p><br>
<p>Canadian Topographic Maps 92G/7, 2002;</p><br>
<p>Canadian Topographic Maps 92-G/7, 2009;</p><br>
<p>Canadian Topographic Maps 92-G/7, 2010;</p><br>
<p>These maps are free to download in the numerous formats provided from the federal government.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>On the southern slope of Burke Mountain, new suburbs are being created and expanded. The area is supposed to house over 30,000 people when it is completed. There are concerns about the traffic these developments may cause.</p><br>
<p>The River Almond  is a river in Lothian, Scotland. It is 28 miles  long, rising at Hirst Hill in Lanarkshire near Shotts and running through West Lothian, draining into the Firth of Forth at Cramond, Edinburgh. The name Almond/Amon is simply old Celtic for "river". The river has a good example of an ox-bow lake near Almondvale West at Livingston.</p><br>
<p>Running through what were, for much of the 20th century, areas dominated by heavy industry and shale and coal mining, the River Almond has been notorious for its high levels of pollution. With the demise of mining and heavy industry in Central Scotland the river is now relatively clean and is being actively repopulated by wildlife, including a healthy population of brown trout and improving runs of both Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and sea trout (Salmo trutta). There is a good array of birds to be seen around the river banks, including dippers, kingfishers and grey herons, with increasing numbers of otters being reported. The river is still the primary means of transporting southern West Lothian&#39;s waste water to the sea. While the introduction of a number of water treatment plants have helped to mitigate the effects of pollution, the river still suffers from high levels of detergent pollution along with run-off from agricultural land. This has led to the river often having a distinct "chemical odour". This is most noticeable within Almondell and Calderwood Country Park, where there is a major outfall from the nearby East Calder treatment plant.</p><br>
<p>The river runs through the centre of Livingston before travelling through Almondell and Calderwood Country Park where it picks up the Calder and Murieston Waters. It then passes over a weir which supplies a feeder culvert which carries water into the Union Canal. Due to the height difference where the river passes under the canal, this feeder must run for many miles eastwards before reaching the canal. By following paths through the country park and along private land to the east it is possible to follow the river and feeder all the way to the Union Canal. The river then flows east under the Union Canal before turning northwards towards the Firth of Forth. Fishing on the lower Almond is leased from the Crown Estate by, with both Day and Season Tickets available. The mouth of the Almond at Cramond formerly had a small passenger ferry. In 1997 the ferryman discovered the Cramond Lioness, a Roman-era sculpture, in the mud of the river bed. The sculpture is now in the Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.</p><br>
<p>The industrial heritage of central Scotland can be observed along the length of the river with numerous weirs, remains of mills and other riverside industries of the past.</p><br>
<p>Bubembe Island is an island in Lake Victoria inside the country of Uganda. In the religion of the Buganda people, it is the home of the temple of Mukasa.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Bubembe Island is one of 84 islands in Lake Victoria known as the Ssese Islands. The islands belong to the Kalangala District and lie in the north-western section of Lake Victoria. Many of the 84 islands are uninhabited except for a few fishermen, and the forests and swamps around some of the coasts make the islands a good habitat for birds, including whale-headed stork, herons, geese, grey parrot, kingfishers, and fish eagles. The virtually virgin land is rich in plant life, and many, of the species are reportedly new to botanists.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>In the religion of the Buganda people, Bubembe Island is the home of the temple of Mukasa.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The wildlife on the islands includes hippopotamus and crocodile, found near the shores. Waterbuck roam freely, as does the shy sitatunga antelope. In the forested areas, chimpanzees and monkeys swing from the trees. Vervet monkey, colobus monkey, a prolific variety of water and forest birds including hornbill, touraco, flycatcher, weaver, fish eagle, paradise flycatcher, colourful butterflies are common.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental destruction</h2><br>
<p>Recently, the vegetable oil producer Bidco has started to bulldoze parts of the island to set up monocultures of oil palm, used for cosmetics and biofuels. After violent protests, the Ugandan government has stopped further destruction for the moment, but the unique biosphere is currently under serious threat.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Bubembe island is a 9-hour steamer trip from Port Bell, or 45 minutes by the local ferry from Bukakata. From Bugala Island it is a 3-hour boat ride to Bukasa Island or 2 hours to Bubembe.</p><br>
<p>Salem Street Burying Ground is a cemetery located at the intersection of Salem Street and Riverside Avenue in Medford, Massachusetts. The Salem Street Burying Ground was used exclusively from the late 17th century to the late 19th century for the burial of the town&#39;s wealthy. The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The Salem Street Burying Ground was originally the private cemetery of the Wade family. It was acquired by the town of Medford in May 1717. The earliest stone is dated 1683 and the latest 1881. Records indicate that there are six hundred people buried there, but there are only 485 markers. There are several known reasons for this discrepancy.</p><br>
<p>During the 17th century, one gravestone often marked the burial place of several members of the same family. The final resting place of no less than four members of the Wade family is marked by a single large, brown, slate block; among the largest in the burial ground. Similarly, near the Riverside Avenue entrance of the cemetery, a flagpole and granite stone marker (pictured) commemorate the graves of several unknown Revolutionary war soldiers buried there. The marker&#39;s text reads, "In Memory of New Hampshire Soldiers who Fell at Bunker Hill Buried in this Town and Interred at this Spot."</p><br>
<p>Records also indicated that there are more than fifty slaves buried in unmarked graves in the southwest corner of the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery and the area surrounding it were settled as a plantation owned by the absent Matthew Craddock, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in 1630. The land was used as a private farm and plantation for forty-five years. From 1660 to 1675, the second owner of the land, Edward Collins, broke the land up into smaller tracts which were sold individually. The purchasers, the Tufts, Bradshaw, Willis, Wade, Brooks, Francis, and Whitmore families became the founders of the town of Medford.</p><br>
<p>The largest farm in the area was owned by Jonathan Wade. When Wade died in 1689, he left the estate to his son, Dudley. It included "that little pasture called the burying place". By 1717, the Wade family plot had become the town burying ground.</p><br>
<h2>The graves</h2><br>
<p>Among several notable figures buried there are Massachusetts Governor and Revolutionary War figure John Brooks, whose grave is marked by a large obelisk located in the approximate center of the Burying Ground, and Sarah Bradlee Fulton, a Revolutionary War heroine whose grave is marked by a rock to the left of the Brooks monument.</p><br>
<p>The details of 35 graves have been documented. Starting from the Burying Ground&#39;s northwest corner and working eastward, the graves were selected for documentation in alternating groups of five (five were chosen and their data recorded, the next five were skipped, the following five chosen, and so on). The information collected included first and last names, ages, birth dates (when available), death dates and gravestone iconography. Also included were any pertinent titles (Deacon, Captain, Major, etc.).</p><br>
<p>Many of the markers fail to provide any specific birth date, noting instead the age of the deceased in years, months, and days. The tombstones of the female dead often omit a first name (for example, "Here lyes buried the wife John Chalcedony, Mrs. Chalcedony").</p><br>
<p>By far the most prevalent image on the tombstones is the winged skull motif, which represents an ascension into Heaven. Among other symbols engraved on the stones are the willow tree, representing sadness or mourning; the hourglass, representing the passage of time; and bones, representing death or decay.</p><br>
<p>For the most part the markers are headstones, but there are also three obelisks, two table tombs, one double stone, and three large slabs. There is also a large, tall block of what appears to be granite in the most southerly corner of the cemetery that has no markings of any kind, and it is unclear whether this is a memorial of or just surplus stone. There is no mention of it in any of the records consulted.</p><br>
<p>Aside from that granite block, most of the markers are made from slate.</p><br>
<p>Elaiussa Sebaste or Elaeousa Sebaste  was an ancient Roman town located 55 km from Mersin in the direction of Silifke in Cilicia on the southern coast of Anatolia . Elaiussa, meaning olive, was founded in the 2nd century B.C. on a tiny island attached to the mainland by a narrow isthmus in Mediterranean Sea.</p><br>
<p>Besides the cultivation of olives, the settlement here of the Cappadocian king Archelaus during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus played a role in the development of the city. Founding a new city on the isthmus, Archelaus called it Sebaste, which is the Greek equivalent word of the Latin "Augusta". The city entered a golden age when the Roman Emperor Vespasian purged Cilicia of pirates in 74 AD. Towards the end of the 3rd century AD however its importance began to wane, owing in large part to incursions by the Sassanian King Shapur I in 260 and later by the Isaurians. The ancient sources tell the history of city’s existence and how the churches and basilicas survived into the late Roman and early Byzantine periods. When its neighbor Corycus began to flourish in the 6th century AD, Elaiussa Sebaste was slowly obliterated from the stage of history.</p><br>
<p>The island that was the site of the first settlement here, where excavations have been underway since 1995 headed by Italian archeologist Eugenia Equini Schneider, is almost completely buried under sand. The original settlement, at a location that provided security for the harbors on either side, is a peninsula today. The ruins of a bath, a cistern, a defense wall and a breakwater can be seen on the side overlooking the western bay of the peninsula. But the most important remains unearthed in the city are a bath whose floor is paved with mosaics and a small basilica on a circular base.</p><br>
<p>On the opposite side of the highway that divides Elaiussa and Sebaste today stands a theater dating to the 2nd century AD, an extremely small structure with only 23 rows of seats, whose steps and decorations unfortunately succumbed to centuries of plunder. Next to the theater is the agora, built in all great probability during the imperial period. At the entrance of the agora, which is surrounded by a semi-destroyed defense wall once rose two monumental fountains in the shape of lions. Inside the agora stands a large church, its floor is covered by sand to protect the mosaic pavement. Elaiussa’s only temple stands outside the city on a hill overlooking the sea. Only two of the Corinthian columns of this temple, which had 12 on the long and 6 on the short side originally, are standing today. A large bath complex among the lemon groves between the temple and the agora was built by a technique characteristic of the ancient Roman period and little used in Anatolia.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of Elaiussa Sebaste also harbor the richest and most impressive necropolis among the cities of ancient Cilicia. The "Avenue of Graves", located on a hill to the north of the city, preserves close to a hundred graves of various shapes and sizes scattered among the lemon trees. The aesthetic forms of these monumental graves of Cilicia Tracheia are remarkable.</p><br>
<p>The ancient aqueducts that carried water to the ruins from the Lamos ("Lemon") river also adorn the city’s two entrances. The aqueduct to the west of the city in particular is in relatively good condition. Centuries ago these aqueduct, as delicate as necklaces, actually formed a canal system that ran all the way to Corycus.</p><br>
<p>A lidded sarcophagus lies on a small rise exactly opposite the aqueduct. Known as "the Grave of the Princess", this sarcophagus is a prime example of the Anatolian tomb tradition.</p><br>
<p>The Germantown White House  is a historic mansion in the Germantown section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the scene of fighting and it is the oldest surviving presidential residence, having twice sheltered George Washington during his term of office.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and ownership</h2><br>
<p>The house takes its former name from its first and last owners: David Deshler, who built it beginning in 1752; and Elliston P. Morris, who donated it to the National Park Service in 1948.</p><br>
<p>Deshler, a merchant, bought a 2 acre lot from George and Anna Bringhurst in 1751–52, and constructed a four-room summer cottage. Twenty years later he built a 3-story, 9-room addition to the front, creating one of the most elegant homes in the region.</p><br>
<p>Isaac Franks, a former colonel in the Continental Army, bought the house following Deshler&#39;s 1792 death. It was he who rented it to President Washington.</p><br>
<p>Later, the house was sold to Elliston and John Perot, and in 1834 to Elliston&#39;s son-in-law, Samuel B. Morris. The Morris family lived in the house for over a hundred years, before its 1948 donation to the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Revolutionary War</h3><br>
<p>On October 4, 1777, it was a scene of fighting in the Battle of Germantown, after which British General Sir William Howe occupied the house.</p><br>
<h3>1793</h3><br>
<p>When the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 struck Philadelphia, President Washington remained in the city until September, before making his regular autumn trip home to Mount Vernon. He and a small group of slaves returned in early November, but Philadelphia was under quarantine and they were rerouted to Germantown, then ten miles (16 km) outside the city.</p><br>
<p>He first occupied the Dove House, the headmaster&#39;s residence for Germantown Academy (now extensively altered and part of Pennsylvania School for the Deaf). He also traveled to Reading, Pennsylvania, 60 miles (96 km) northwest of the city, to see if it would make a suitable emergency capital.</p><br>
<p>Returning to Germantown, from November 16 to 30, he occupied the Isaac Franks house. His wife Martha, two of her grandchildren, Eleanor Parke Custis and George Washington Parke Custis, and more of their slaves and staff joined him late in the stay.</p><br>
<h3>1794</h3><br>
<p>The following September and October, Washington and his family returned to the Franks house for vacation, although he left early to deal with the Whiskey Rebellion in Western Pennsylvania. He met there four times with his cabinet: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Attorney General Edmund Randolph, and Secretary of War Henry Knox. The President posed for painter Gilbert Stuart, who kept a studio nearby, and the family attended the German Reformed Church across the square.</p><br>
<p>Four slaves were held by the Washingtons at the Franks house: Oney Judge, Austin (her brother), Moll, and Hercules.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The house is administered by Independence National Historical Park. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and it is a contributing property of the Colonial Germantown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the National Park Service changed the official name from the "Deshler-Morris House" to the "Germantown White House."</p><br>
<h2>Bringhurst House</h2><br>
<p>The Bringhurst House, neighboring the Germantown White House on the northwest, was originally owned by John Bringhurst (February 19, 1725 – March 18, 1795), a carriage builder and inventor of the "Germantown Wagon&quot in 1780 he built a carriage for George Washington. His estate consisted of 19 acre in Germantown, and was eventually split up by his heirs. Today, near the current historic site, "Bringhurst Street" is a street named after him which lies on the edge of his former land.</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant Colonel John Bird was "lying sick" in the Bringhurst House when the American army attacked on the morning of October 4, 1777. Bird arose from bed to lead his men, but was mortally wounded in the battle. Although a surgeon tried to treat him in Melchoir Meng&#39;s house situated on what is now a part of Vernon Park, he was carried back to the Bringhurst House, where he died.</p><br>
<p>In 1973, the Bringhurst house was donated to the National Park Service from the Germantown Savings Bank in order to "assure access, light, and air for the historic structure". The Bringhurst property is currently in the process of conversion into an exhibition space and welcome center for the Germantown White House landscape.</p><br>
<p>The Middlebrook encampment was a seasonal encampment of the Continental Army during the American War for Independence near Middle Brook in Bridgewater Township, New Jersey  in 1777 and again in 1778–79. The site includes part of the ridge of the First Watchung Mountain. Its position provided a natural fortress not only protecting the Continental Army but also overlooking the plains towards New Brunswick, where the British forces were stationed in 1777. The strategic strength of the position contributed ultimately to the success of the Continental Army by lengthening the war and wearying the British forces.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the encampment site, known as the Washington Camp Ground, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 3, 1975.</p><br>
<h2>The first Middlebrook encampment (1777)</h2><br>
<p>During the winter of 1776&ndash;77, Washington rested the Continental Army initially at Jockey Hollow in Morristown, New Jersey. After his outpost garrison at Bound Brook was surprised and routed during the Battle of Bound Brook in April 1777, Washington moved the encampment closer to Bound Brook to the Middlebrook encampment on May 28 and stayed there until July 2. A total of 8,298 soldiers were housed in the encampment, but 2,660 of them were sick or disabled, unable to fight. In contrast, the British maintained a force of about 17,000 near New Brunswick, New Jersey. From the heights of the Watchung mountains, Washington could monitor and counteract British movements. When General Howe decided to move against Philadelphia, concern over the threat by the Continental Army made him choose the safer sea route instead of the faster land route. This led to a significant delay in operations for the British and disrupted plans to help General Burgoyne in northern New York. On June 30, Howe moved his troops to Staten Island in preparation for his Philadelphia campaign, and two days later Washington left Middlebrook and moved the army to Pompton Plains.</p><br>
<h2>First flag: June 1777</h2><br>
<p>It is largely conceded that it was at the Middlebrook encampment that the first official flag of the United States was unfurled, after a law to adopt a national flag had been passed by Congress on June 14, 1777. This event is commemorated annually since 1889 on July 4 with a changing of the flag, a reading of the Declaration of Independence, and the delivery of an historical address at the Washington Camp Ground. Also, by special order of Congress, a Thirteen Star Flag is flown 24 hours a day at the Washington Camp Ground.</p><br>
<h2>The second Middlebrook cantonment (1778–79)</h2><br>
<p>Washington used the Middlebrook grounds again in the Winter of 1778&ndash;9. He brought about 8–10,000 troops to the camp site by November 30, 1778. Soldiers constructed cabins from logs covered with clay similar as they had done at Morristown. Washington himself rented the Wallace House (now converted to a museum) in Somerville for four months and paid Wallace $1,000. General von Steuben lived at the Staats House in South Bound Brook. General Henry Knox lived at the Jacobus Vanderveer House near Pluckemin with the Continental Artillery camped at the Pluckemin Continental Artillery Cantonment Site. Nathaniel Green lived at the Derrick Van Veghten house near present day Manville, New Jersey. The main body of the much larger British army was at New York. The camp was closed on June 3, 1779 when Washington led his army to Highlands, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The Washington Camp Ground, on Middlebrook Road in Bridgewater Township, just north of Route 22, was deemed a historic site by local citizens in 1889, and entered the National Register of Historic Places July 3, 1975. The site is owned and preserved by the Washington Camp Ground Association, which also organizes the annual July 4 program at the site. The program includes a public reading of the complete Declaration of Independence, which has been read at the site each July 4 for about 120 years.</p><br>
<p>Various other sites related to the encampment, in Bridgewater and surrounding towns, are accessible to the public. These include Washington Rock State Park, an observation site on top of the Watchung mountain ridge, in Green Brook, Washington Valley Park in Bridgewater (nearby, but separate from, the Washington Camp Ground), the Wallace House in Somerville, the Van Veghten House near Manville, the Jacobus Vanderveer House near Pluckemin, and the Staats House in South Bound Brook. A sign commemorating the encampment also stands in a now-developed area, at the corner of Chimney Rock and Gilbride Roads in Bridgewater.</p><br>
<p>Charaki  is a small fishing village on the east coast of the island of Rhodes, Greece. In addition to its fishing trade, Charaki is also a small holiday resort, with the usual tavernas, restaurants and bars. Charaki has a small, picturesque bay with a number of holiday apartments in addition to its tavernas. More recently, the land behind the bay has been host to a small number of housing developments.</p><br>
<p>Charaki is only half an hour drive from Rhodes International Airport, and 10 minutes drive from the town of Lindos.</p><br>
<p>On the acropolis overlooking Charaki is Feraclos Castle (aka Feraklos) (Greek Φεράκλος) - Feraclos was built by the Knights of St John, and was the last stronghold in Rhodes to succumb to the Ottoman Empire.From the Feraclos castle you can have a panoramic view of Charaki,the sandy beach of Agia Agathi,and more far to the south the town of Lindos.</p><br>
<p>Wild mountain sheep and moufflon inhabit the village&#39;s surrounding mountains. Generally, the animals congregate in the castle at dusk and remain there until sunrise.</p><br>
<p>Most inhabitants of Charaki are residents of the nearby agricultural village Malona.</p><br>
<p>Visible from Charaki bay is the acropolis of Lindos, the next major town to the village.</p><br>
<p>Situated on a similar half-moon bay, Charaki is slightly smaller than the Greek village of Stoupa near Kalamata on the Greek mainland.</p><br>
<p>Charaki was once rated one of the cleanest beaches of the Greek isles.</p><br>
<p>Page-Vawter House in the town of Ansted in Fayette County, West Virginia was built in 1889-90 by company carpenters of the Gauley Mountain Coal Company for the family of William Nelson Page, who was company president. The palatial white Victorian mansion is located on a knoll in the middle of town. William and Emma  Page raised their four children there, attended by a staff of 8 servants.</p><br>
<p>Architect William Minter designed the house in a Gothic style. It has 15 regular rooms, plus a butler&#39;s pantry and a dressing room. There are 11 fireplaces with hand-carved wooden mantels; most are in different styles. Even the doors have ornately decorated hinges. The exterior features 52 8-foot-tall windows built by company carpenters on a knoll in the middle of town.</p><br>
<p>According to author and railroad historian H. Reid in his book The Virginian Railway (Kalmbach, 1961), it was in this mansion that Page developed the plans for the coal-hauling Virginian Railway, which was financed by industrialist Henry Huddleston Rogers and became the "Richest Little Railroad in the World" after its completion in 1909. The nearby railroad town of Page was named for him.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was later occupied by several generation of the Vawter family. In the 21st century, it still stands as evidence of the once-thriving coal business.</p><br>
<p>The Page-Vawter House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Mount Narodnaya  is the highest peak of the Urals in Russia. Its elevation is 1,894 m. It is in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug in Tyumen Oblast, 0.5 km to east from the border of Komi Republic. The name refers to Naroda River, which originates from the mount), located in the Research Range.</p><br>
<p>It is the highest point in European Russia outside the Caucasus. This leads to its large topographic prominence of 1,772 m.</p><br>
<p>Narodnaya is located in the Ural mountains water divide, and therefore on the border between Europe and Asia: the Naroda river flows south-east from the summit into the Ob river in Siberia, and the Kos&#39;yu river flows north-west from the summit into the Pechora river in Europe.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is formed with quartzites and metamorphosed slates of the Proterozoic Eon and Cambrian Period. There are some glaciers on the mountain. Also, there are sparse forests of larch and birch in the deep valleys at the foot of the mountain. The slopes of the mountain are covered with highland tundra.</p><br>
<p>The easiest route to the summit is a technically easy hike on the moderate north-west slope. Depending on snow and ice conditions, crampons may be required. The south wall of Narodnaya is steeper and less commonly used to reach the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Moscow Canal , named the Moskva-Volga Canal until 1947, is a canal that connects the Moskva River with the Volga River. It is located in Moscow itself and in the Moscow Oblast. The canal connects to the Moskva River in Tushino , from which it runs approximately north to meet the Volga River in the town of Dubna, just upstream of the dam of the Ivankovo Reservoir. The length of the canal is 128 km.</p><br>
<p>It was constructed between 1932 and 1937 with 200,000 slave laborers under the direction of the Soviet secret police and Matvei Berman.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to the Moscow Canal, Moscow has access to five seas: the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and the Black Sea. This is why Moscow is sometimes called the "port of the five seas" (порт пяти морей). Apart from transportation, the canal also provides for about half of Moscow&#39;s water consumption, and the shores of its numerous reservoirs are used as recreation zones.</p><br>
<p>One of the world&#39;s tallest statues of Vladimir Lenin, 25 m high, built in 1937, is located at Dubna at the confluence of the Volga River and the Moscow Canal. The accompanying statue of Joseph Stalin of similar size was demolished in 1961 during the period of de-stalinization.</p><br>
<p>The Peale Museum, also known officially as the Municipal Museum of the City of Baltimore, was a museum of paintings and natural history, located in the City of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It occupied the first building in the Western Hemisphere to be designed and built specifically as a museum. The Peale Museum was created by Charles Willson Peale,  and his son Rembrandt Peale, 1778-1860). After functioning separately as the Baltimore City&#39;s historical museum since the original structure was being rebuilt, restored, and renovated in 1930-1931, and then later merging in with other historic sites, houses and museums in the early 1980s under the expansive efforts of a new ambitious executive director, with the name of the "Baltimore City Life Museums" and a new broader mission in conjunction with the other historical locations/sites /structures in Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>After opening a new three-story exhibition gallery, uniquely using the old cast-iron façade of the razed (but placed in storage in a city yard for 30 years) of the old Fava Fruit Company and being re-assembled on the new structure facing North Front Street and the parallel new President Street boulevard (between East Lombard and East Fayette Streets), the new gallery and the B.C.L.M. ran into financial difficulties in the first year in 1996-1997 after the grand opening, coincidentally during the Baltimore Bicentennial Celebration (of the City&#39;s 200th year after incorporation as a city), The Peale branch of the City Life Museums closed unfortunately with the other branches - historic houses and sites later in 1997, after being refused a one-year extension of its five-year subsidy of about $300,000 annually by then Mayor Kurt Schmoke, and its large collections from over 66 years of original existence were disassembled, transferred and handed over to the Maryland Historical Society, founded 1844, now located on the city block on the southwest corner of West Monument Street and Park Avenue, centered in the old Enoch Pratt Mansion and adjacent research library and museum exhibition areas building. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965.</p><br>
<p>Today, the museum is being renovated and relaunched as the Peale Center for Baltimore History and Architecture through a partnership between the City of Baltimore&#39;s Department of General Services, who own the building, and the Board of the Peale Center for Baltimore History and Architecture, a 501©3 tax-exempt, non-profit corporation. It is currently open to the public for special events and anticipates being fully reopen by 2020.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Willson Peale, (1741-1827), received his inspiration for a public museum in 1783 while illustrating mastodon fossils belonging to Dr. John Morgan. Once he had conceived the idea for an American museum of natural history, Charles Peale opened a museum to the public in Philadelphia on July 18, 1786. In 1810, Peale retired from his work with the museum, leaving its management and responsibility to his sons. Later in 1814, a museum was established at 225 North Holliday Street between East Saratoga and East Lexington Streets in Baltimore by Rembrandt Peale, (1778-1860), - the second son of Charles Willson Peale. It was then dubbed as "Peale&#39;s Baltimore Museum and Gallery of Fine Arts" and had the early exhibits including portraits of famous Americans (many by the founder) and the complete skeleton of a prehistoric mastodon exhumed by C.W. Peale in 1801.</p><br>
<p>In 1830, the old Peale Museum was sold and the exhibits were moved to a newly constructed building on the northwest corner of North Calvert Street and East Baltimore Street, one block south of the Battle Monument Square and the Baltimore City Courthouse. By 1830, the historic building became home to the Baltimore&#39;s first "City Hall" and remained there through the tumultuous Civil War years until 1875 when replaced by the current Baltimore City Hall, which had been under construction since 1867 one block south, on the 200 block of Holliday Street. The massive new municipal government offices of French Second Empire-style architecture, with its distinctive mansard roofs and large dome and clock, now occupied an entire city block bounded by Holliday, East Lexington, East Fayette and North Streets (now Guilford Avenue). one block south at the 200 block of Holliday between East Lexington and Fayette Streets.</p><br>
<p>The old museum and City Hall, then was turned over to the City&#39;s Board of School Commissioners and the Baltimore City Public Schools and became the Number 1 Colored Primary School (as there was a number of then-called "Negro" or "Colored" institutions, churches, law firms and businesses in the areas around East Pleasant, Saratoga, East Lexington and along St. Paul Street and North Calvert Streets. Later it was rented out to a series of private businesses.</p><br>
<p>By 1928, it had been repeatedly condemned and was in danger of demolition. With the inspiration of newly-emergent, local historians and journalists, who had just celebrated the Centennial of the "Star Spangled Banner" (future national anthem) and the Battle of Baltimore with its Bombardment of Fort McHenry and resulted in the saving of the old 1793 rowhouse at East Pratt and Albemarle Streets in Jonestown/Old Town and Little Italy neighborhoods, owned and lived in by Mary Young Pickersgill, (1776-1857) who made the huge "Star Spangled Banner Flag", the restoration of the old "Flag House" and setting up of a historical museum there in 1927, boosted the hopes, political power and determination of the preservationists. So the restoration of the old museum took place with an expense of $90,000. The building was renovated and rededicated in 1931 as the Municipal Museum of Baltimore. The Museum underwent a major two year renovation starting in 1978 and was reopened in 1981 as Peale Museum. In 1985, the Peale became part of the Baltimore City Life Museums system until its closure in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The entire Peale collection has been moved to the Maryland Historical Society, leaving the original building on North Holliday vacant.</p><br>
<p>As of April 2014, a campaign was being waged by a Maryland group to raise $4 million for restoration of the museum. The building is located between Zion Lutheran Church and offices for The Real News.</p><br>
<p>Leamy Lake  is a lake in the Hull sector of Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. The lake is located just to the south of the Gatineau River, and just west of the Ottawa River, and is linked to both of them with flowing in from the Gatineau and exiting to the Ottawa. To the south is the Lac de la Carrière, a former quarry that is now a lake that is also linked.</p><br>
<p>The lake is named after Andrew Leamy, an Irish settler in the region who operated a mill near the lake. He was married to Erexina Wright, the granddaughter of Hull&#39;s founder, Philemon Wright. The area became heavily industrialized in the nineteenth century. Much of the industry left the area after the Second World War and in the 1960s much of the area around the lake was turned into a large park. The beach on the lakeshore became a popular swimming location, however there were persistent problems with pollution, mainly flowing in from the Gatineau River. To solve this the inflow to the lake was blocked in the 1970s. This solved some of the problem. By the 1990s the Gatineau River had become much cleaner, and the stagnation of the lake was causing its own problems, the channel was thus reopened.</p><br>
<p>On the southern shore of the lake, between it and Lac de la Carrière, is the Casino du Lac-Leamy, one of the region&#39;s major tourist attractions.</p><br>
<p>Rapidan Camp  in Shenandoah National Park in Madison County, Virginia, was built by USA President Herbert Hoover and his wife Lou Henry Hoover, and served as their rustic retreat throughout Hoovers administration from 1929 to 1933. The first familys residential cabin was known as the "Brown House" in contrast to their more famous residence, the White House.</p><br>
<p>Rapidan Camp was precursor of the current presidential retreat, Camp David.</p><br>
<h2>1929: Founding</h2><br>
<p>In November 1928, Herbert Hoover was overwhelmingly elected as 31st President of the United States. While all preceding Presidents came from the Eastern half of the United States, Hoover&#39;s origins were further from Washington, D.C.—he had been born in Iowa and spent much of his life in California. Returning home to routinely escape the pressure and spotlight of the presidency would not be possible, so he desired a closer casual retreat.</p><br>
<p>Hoover and his wife had lived together at mining camps while he served as a mine engineer for over 10 years and appreciated the isolation of remote accommodations. He instructed his secretary Lawrence Richey to find a secluded retreat site within 100 miles (160 km) of Washington, D.C., at least 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level to avoid mosquitoes and—most importantly—close to an excellent trout stream for fishing.</p><br>
<p>Virginia Governor Harry F. Byrd was a strong supporter of plans to establish Shenandoah National Park, and persuaded Will Carson, Chairman of Virginias Commission on Conservation and Development, to lead the effort. Two months before Hoovers March inauguration, Carson recommended that the President-elect and his wife Lou Henry Hoover consider establishing their camp at the headwaters of the Rapidan River. The remote, undeveloped site lay on Doubletop Mountain, on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Madison County. The Mill Prong and the Laurel Prong streams join within the camp to form the Rapidan River, and all three provide excellent fishing.</p><br>
<p>Less than three weeks after Hoover&#39;s March 4 inauguration, the Madison Eagle announced the President and his wife had selected the upper Rapidan site. Although Virginians offered to give Hoover the camp, the President used his own funds to buy the land for $1,045 (at the going rate of $5 per acre), and building materials for $22,719. The Marine Corps provided construction labor as a "military exercise." The Hoovers initially envisioned a village of tents, but soon decided on a more permanent settlement. Mrs. Hoover oversaw construction as the Marines built thirteen assorted buildings including a lodge, two mess halls, cabins and a "Town Hall." They also created several miles of hiking trails, a stone fountain, concrete-lined trout pools, and a miniature golf course.</p><br>
<p>To reduce the Presidential budget, Hoover decommissioned the Presidential Yacht Mayflower shortly after taking office. The Filipino mess crew from the Mayflower were transferred to Rapidan Camp, along with the kitchen supplies and china.</p><br>
<h2>1929–1933: Presidential Retreat</h2><br>
<p>At the 164 acre (66 hectare) Rapidan Camp, President Hoover enjoyed fishing in the streams, which were stocked with trout by the Interior Department. While Mrs. Hoover enjoyed riding horses at camp, Mr. Hoover did not enjoy riding horses simply to reach the camp. The state of Virginia added a one-mile extension from Rapidan Camp to a nearby road they had already planned. The road remains unpaved to this day, and occasionally challenged the presidential motorcade. The New York Times described camp as "frontier-like". Mrs. Hoover described the drive and camp:</p><br>
<p>In a public speech at the celebration of "Hoover Day" in the county seat of Madison, on August 17, 1929, President Hoover spoke of fishing and his camp:</p><br>
<p>Fishing was conducted only outside the camp grounds, and the fish within camp were "so tame that if you threw a pebble in the water they will rush out at it, or perhaps drift slowly into the open to look you over."</p><br>
<p>USA and foreign leaders came to the isolated and secure location of Rapidan Camp for strategy sessions with the President. His distinguished guests included inventor Thomas A. Edison and his wife, aviator Charles Lindbergh and his wife Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Supreme Court Justice Harlan F. Stone, Governor Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., psychologist Lillian Moller Gilbreth, businessman Edsel Ford, and British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill. The President and guests would head immediately for the fishing ponds after arriving at camp.</p><br>
<p>The press were rarely, if ever, invited to Rapidan Camp with the President, until his final year in office when he campaigned for a second term and "invited a massed attack by film men who were given the run of the camp."</p><br>
<p>However, the President was not without friends in the press, and at least one of those, "Ding" Darling, the accomplished cartoonist for The Des Moines Register and with whom Mr. Hoover shared an interest in conservation of natural resources, was a guest at the Camp on several occasions. On one of those visits, Ding and the President were on horseback and took advantage of briefly escaping the eyes of the Secret Service, taking a side trail to a deserted Forest Service observation tower. They dammed the creek beside the tower, caught and cooked lunch, and then watched the Secret Service comb the hills in search of them.</p><br>
<p>Hoovers trips to camp were sometimes leisurely enough that he stopped for a roadside picnic. "Motorists paused along the highway, gaped at their President having fun." At other times, his departure from camp to Washington was so sudden that sandwiches were dispatched from the camp kitchen to the President for consumption en route, and Hoover was "intensely annoyed" when the press reported that his motorcade had sped at 60 mph, in violation of Virginias speed limit of 45 mph. Lou Henry Hoover sometimes drove her own car.</p><br>
<p>Camp Rapidan featured a large outdoor stone fireplace which was the backdrop for many photographs of the Hoovers and their guests.</p><br>
<p>At Rapidan Camp, President Hoover offered to buy Bermuda, Trinidad, and British Honduras from Prime Minister MacDonald in exchange for most of Britain&#39;s war debt (from World War I) to the United States. But days later came the Wall Street Crash that marked the beginning of the Great Depression. In addition, Hoover and MacDonald came to an agreement that formed the basis of the 1930 London Naval Treaty while meeting at Rapidan Camp, talking for hours sitting on an "historic log". Rapidan Camp also gave name to the "Rapidan Plan" for deploying the Girl Scouts of the USA to help alleviate the economic collapse.</p><br>
<h3>Hoover's birthday opossum and the Mountain School</h3><br>
<p>A well-publicized story arose in August 1929, when a boy who lived in the nearby mountains presented President Hoover with a live opossum on his 55th birthday. Six months later, the President arranged for a new schoolhouse in the area, which had been so remote that no school existed previously. The incident resulted in a variety of legends and a great deal of apocryphal media publicity, including tales that the boy had managed to sneak past the Marine guard on duty before giving the opossum to the President as a birthday present.</p><br>
<p>However, the best understanding of historians is that the story originated weeks earlier when Admiral Joel T. Boone, Hoovers physician, was exploring trails in the surrounding mountains and came upon an eleven-year-old boy named Ray Burraker. Boone learned that Burraker and his eight brothers and sisters had never attended school. The area in which they lived, known as Dark Hollow, had no school. When the President heard of Burraker, he said "Tell that boy if he will bring me an opossum down here Ill give him five dollars." Boone delivered the message, but nothing happened until August 10, the President&#39;s birthday, when Boone visited Dark Hollow again on horseback. The boy said he had caught an opossum for the President. With the inducement of riding to camp, the shy boy was persuaded to present his opossum directly to the President and his guest, Charles Lindbergh. Anne Morrow Lindbergh was amused to hear that Burraker and his friends had never heard of her famous husband.</p><br>
<p>The President raised money to build a small schoolhouse that included an apartment for Christine Vest, the teacher they hired. Vest had been trained in the special needs of education in remote mountain communities. The first year&#39;s class of twenty-two students ranged from 6 to 20 years of age.</p><br>
<p>The story of the backwoods mountain schoolhouse was publicized nationally, resulting in donations including schoolbooks, furniture, and a piano. The President took a personal interest in the school, and welcomed its students to the White House on numerous occasions. After Hoover left office, the student body dwindled as the surrounding population was forced via a blanket condemnation law to leave the area for the establishment of Shenandoah National Park in 1935. The school building was transported to Big Meadows on Skyline Drive and used as a ranger station and residence.</p><br>
<h3>Cabinet Members' Camp</h3><br>
<p>In 1930, Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur, Attorney General William D. Mitchell, and Secretary of Agriculture Arthur M. Hyde arranged for the Marines to construct a separate camp for members of Hoovers cabinet, 2 mi downriver from the Presidents camp. The Cabinet Camp was built on land planned for incorporation into Shenandoah National Park, but still privately owned by the Madison Timber Corporation. No lease was signed, and a dispute arose about whether the Cabinet members had an oral contract with Madison Timber to construct the camp. Marines escorted timbermen off the property "by the seat of the pants," and Madison Timber was assessed property taxes for road and building improvements to which the Marines prohibited access. The conflict was covered in Time magazine, the Associated Press, and Madison Eagle newspaper. In 1931, the Ward-Rue Lumber Company filed a claim that it owned the property. Under the eventual settlement, cabinet members were allowed to use the camp throughout the Hoover administration, and the property owner resumed custody once Hoover left office. The National Park Service ran out of park expansion funds before purchasing the Cabinet Camp. The rising value of the property once the road and camp were constructed likely led the state to purchase cheaper park expansion land elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, a cooperative of 14 families called was created to purchase the dilapidated Cabinet Camp from Ward-Rue. Rapidan Camps rehabilitated the cabins, and over the decades its membership has grown to approximately 100 families who share the facility as a seasonal retreat. The camp now has five cabins—three of the four original Hoover-era cabins and two constructed since in a similar architectural style. It is designated on local hiking maps as "Rapidan Family Camp" to distinguish it from the name the National Park Service restored to the President&#39;s main camp in 2004, "Rapidan Camp".</p><br>
<h3>Marine Camp</h3><br>
<p>A separate camp was constructed 1 mi to the east of Camp Rapidan to house the Marines who provided the camp&#39;s construction, maintenance, and security. The camp initially consisted largely of tents with a few wooden cabins, but more cabins eventually replaced the tents. Many Marines were selected for Rapidan duty due to their skills in carpentry, plumbing, and other work needed at camp. When the President was at camp, from 150 to 250 Marines were stationed there; during the winter only about a dozen.</p><br>
<p>When local Virginians complained that the Marines were not attending church, the President ordered a Navy Chaplain to provide Sunday services in the Marine Camp mess hall.</p><br>
<p>The Marine Camp was demolished in 1944.</p><br>
<h2>1933–2000: Federal and Boy Scout camp</h2><br>
<p>When President Hoover lost his bid for re-election in 1932, he and his wife offered the camp for use by subsequent Presidents and donated the camp property to the federal government to become part of the new Shenandoah National Park then under development.</p><br>
<h3>Roosevelt administration</h3><br>
<p>With encouragement from Virginia Governor Pollard and Senator Byrd, President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited Rapidan Camp in 1933,</p><br>
<p>but found the narrow trails too rough for his wheelchair, and the mountain streams too cold for swimming. A plan was drafted to install a heated swimming pool for Roosevelt, but never implemented. In 1935, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes reported, "President Roosevelt is not able to make such use of the camp as President Hoover undoubtedly had in mind. Whether it is to continue to be a Presidential camp must, therefore, be left for future determination." FDR went on to establish his retreat in the Catoctin Mountains of Maryland at Camp Shangri-La, later renamed Camp David. While the Park Service pledged to maintain Rapidan Camp, in 1936, The New York Times described rust and dry rot at the camp, which was still protected by seven Marines. The "historic log" Hoover and MacDonald had conferred on was destroyed by woodpeckers.</p><br>
<p>During FDR&#39;s tenure, Rapidan Camp was used by Cabinet members, particularly Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson who spent much time at camp until he died there in 1939. The camp then fell into disrepair.</p><br>
<h3>Boy Scout camp</h3><br>
<p>In 1946, the Shenandoah Park Superintendent reported that the camp was unused and requested federal funds for repairs or demolition. In 1948, the Boy Scouts of America were granted a twenty-year lease to use it as a summer camp, which was also in accordance with Hoover&#39;s wishes. During its use as a Boy Scout camp, the facility was renamed "Camp Hoover." As maintenance costs rose, however, the Scouts withdrew from the lease in 1958. In 1960, the structures built by the Boy Scouts and many decayed Hoover-era buildings were demolished, leaving only three of the original buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Federal retreat</h3><br>
<p>From 1960 to 1963, further rehabilitation work was done at camp. Some Presidents have expressed interest in the camp, but Jimmy Carter was the first President since FDR to visit. Until 1992, the camp was a vacation perk for high-ranking federal government officials, including Alaska Senator Ted Stevens and Vice President Walter Mondale, who was snowed in on one visit and had to be cut out by Secret Service officers with chainsaws. Vice President Al Gore was one of the last senior government executives to stay there overnight.</p><br>
<p>The camp was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1988, under the name "Camp Hoover".</p><br>
<h2>2001–present: Restored, opened to public</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, Shenandoah National Park completed a restoration of the grounds and the remaining three cabins to their condition in the era of the Hoover presidency. The three buildings are the Brown House (Presidents Cabin), the Prime Ministers Cabin, and the Creel. Interpretive signs have been installed to help visitors understand life in 1931, the midpoint of the Hoover presidency. The camp&#39;s name has been officially changed from Camp Hoover back to Rapidan Camp. During the restoration, many post-Hoover improvements were removed.</p><br>
<p>The river is still known for its trout fishing—Trout Unlimited ranks it #38 in their Guide to America&#39;s 100 Best Trout Streams.</p><br>
<h3>Public access</h3><br>
<p>Rapidan Camp is accessible by a 4.1 mile (6 km) round-trip hike on Mill Prong Trail, which begins on Skyline Drive at Milam Gap (Mile 52.8)—see the guide to the hike at. The National Park Service also offers guided van trips that leave from the Harry F. Byrd Visitor Center at Big Meadows. During much of the spring, summer, and fall, an interpretive guide stays at camp and provides tours. The Brown House is decorated as it was in Hoovers day; the Prime Ministers Cabin contains interpretive exhibits. The camp is also accessible from the extremely rough, unpaved Quaker Run Road accessible near Criglersville. However, vehicles are prohibited beyond a fire gate at the park boundary one mile from camp, with very limited parking. Visitors must reach the camp on foot, as bicycles are prohibited on unpaved roads within the park.</p><br>
<p>Backcountry camping is prohibited within 1/2 mi of Rapidan Camp.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>To design the cabins at Rapidan Camp, Lou Henry Hoover hired an architect who had built Girl Scout camps. The facilities were extremely rustic by modern standards. Some of the early structures such as the original Five Tents had just a wooden floor and 3 ft walls, with canvas tents above. Even the Presidents Cabin was built with single-wall uninsulated construction—slats of German Siding nailed to studs and exposed on both sides. There are no interior ceilings; rafters and roof boards are exposed. Shower stalls have tin walls and concrete floors. During Hoovers administration, cabin porches were decorated with boxes filled with geraniums, and interior floors were covered with grass rugs. The camp was modified throughout Hoover&#39;s presidency with new cabins and additions to existing cabins.</p><br>
<p>On cold days, large stone fireplaces provide some warmth, but were not intended to keep the camp warm in winter. There was never a shortage of firewood in Hoover&#39;s day because the chestnut blight had ravaged the forest; after her first visit to the Rapidan area, Mrs. Hoover had written "There are innumerable, enormous dead chestnuts standing all over the place."</p><br>
<p>On hot days, hinged wooden panels fold down to expose large copper screens to provide a great deal of ventilation. These panels and numerous windows cover most of the outside perimeter of the cabins. From the 1960s through 1980s, they hardly seemed necessary, for the hemlock trees formed a thick canopy and kept the shaded grounds cool. However, in the early 1990s, the hemlock woolly adelgid began destroying the hemlock trees, so the surrounding forest is again scattered with dead and fallen trees as in Hoover&#39;s day.</p><br>
<p>The cabins are equipped with electricity and plumbing, with visible wiring snaking along the walls and rafters. Large elevated outdoor decks were built with holes for the trunks of mature live trees, whose branches sheltered the cabins and porches.</p><br>
<p>A replica of a corner of the President&#39;s cabin and surrounding deck is located inside the Hoover Presidential Library in Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The Tavan Bogd  is a mountain massif in Mongolia, near the triple border with China and Russia. Its highest peak, the Khüiten Peak  is the highest point of Mongolia at 4374 meters above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The Tavan Bogd massif is located mostly within the Bayan-Olgii Province of Mongolia; its northern slopes are in Russias Altai Republic, and western, in Chinas Burqin County.</p><br>
<p>Besides the Khüiten Peak, the Tavan Bogd massif includes four other peaks: Nairamdal, Malchin, Bürged (eagle) and Olgii (motherland).</p><br>
<h2>International borders</h2><br>
<p>According to the relevant trilateral agreements and published topographic maps, the junction point of the China–Russia border, the China–Mongolia border, and the Mongolia–Russia border is the top of a peak with the elevation of 4081 or 4104 m, at the coordinates 49&deg;10&prime;13.5&Prime;N latitude, 87&deg;48&prime;56.3&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>(Protocol between the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of Mongolia, and the Government of the People&#39;s Republic of China, describing the western junction point of the borders of the three states. Signed in Beijing, June 24, 1996)</p><br>
<p>The mountain peak is referred to in the agreements and maps as the Tavan Bogd Peak</p><br>
<p>(Таван-Богдо-Ула, Tavan-Bogdo-Ula; Таван Богд Уул, Tavan Bogd Uul), or Mount Kuitun.</p><br>
<p>Due to its remote and hard to access location, on a mountain covered with eternal snows, the three states have agreed not to install a border marker at the tripoint.</p><br>
<p>Other sources claim that the tripoint is called Nairamdal Peak, but this is not confirmed either by official agreements or by maps.</p><br>
<p>Some other peaks of the Tavan Bogd massif are located on the China–Mongolia border or the Mongolia–Russia border. In particular, the massif tallest point, the Khüiten Peak, is located on the China–Mongolia border, about 2.5 km south of the tripoint. In the past, it was known as the "Friendship Peak" (Nairamdal Uul in Mongolian, or Youyi Feng 友谊峰 in Chinese).</p><br>
<h2>Peaks</h2><br>
<p>The main peaks of the Tavanbogd massif are:</p><br>
<h2>Glaciation</h2><br>
<p>According to satellite measurements, the total area of the glaciation in the Tavan Bogd massif area amounted to 204 km in 2009. The glaciates area was 213 km in 1989; in other words, the glaciers lost 4.2% of their area over the 20 years.</p><br>
<p>Out of the countries that share the massif, the largest glaciated area is in Mongolia; it includes the Potanin Glacier (Mongolia&#39;s longest) and the Alexandra Glacier.</p><br>
<p>According to a 2011 estimate, the northern (Russian) slope of the Tavan Bogd massif contains 12 glaciers, which cover the total of 22.8 km.</p><br>
<p>According to the Russian researchers, the glaciers of the massif&#39;s northern slope have lost 11% of their area between 1962-2002, and another 12% in 2002-2009.</p><br>
<h2>National Parks and protected areas</h2><br>
<p>Special protected areas have been designated in all three nations sharing the Tavan Bogd.</p><br>
<p>The Mongolian part of the Tavan Bogd massif is within the Altai Tavan Bogd National Park. The park covers 6,362 km². It includes the lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan. The protected area offers a home for many species of alpine animal, such as the Argali sheep, Ibex, Red deer, Beech marten, Moose, Snow cock, and Golden eagle.</p><br>
<p>On the Russian side of the border, the Ukok Plateau, adjacent to the Tavan Bogd massif from the north, is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called the Golden Mountains of Altai.</p><br>
<p>The glacier-fed stream on the western, Chinese, slope of the massif flow into the small Akkul Lake (阿克库勒湖), which in its turn drains into the Kanas Lake farther south; the Kanas Lake area has been designated AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration. An area of 5,588 km² has been designated as the Kanas Nature Reserve (:zh:喀纳斯湖自然风景保护区).</p><br>
<p>Vulci or Volci was a rich and important Etruscan city .</p><br>
<p>As George Dennis wrote: "Vulci is a city whose very name.... was scarcely remembered, but which now, for the enormous treasures of antiquity it has yielded, is exalted above every other city of the ancient world.."</p><br>
<p>Many impressive remains of the city can be seen today.</p><br>
<p>Vulci was located near the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea about 80 km northwest of Rome, on the Fiora River, between Montalto di Castro and Canino.</p><br>
<p>The Vulci, like other Etruscans, became master sculptors in bronze as acknowledged by ancient writers.Vitruvius iii.3.5</p><br>
<p>Pliny Natural History 16 Although most large bronzes have been lost, there remain some magnificent examples of Etruscan bronze work such as the Chimera of Arezzo and the Monteleone chariot, possibly made in Vulci.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century thousands of the ancient tombs of Vulci were discovered, and many were so well-known and spectacular, such as the Tomb of the Sun and Moon, that they were included on the Grand Tour of Europe. From these tombs more Attic vases have been found in the Vulci tombs than at any other ancient site (at least by the 1850s) and many of these masterpieces as well as Etruscan bronzes have found their way into the major museums of the world where they can be seen today.</p><br>
<p>Despite these discoveries most of these tombs were later forgotten and lost.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Vulci were a tribe or people who gave their name to their city and were one of the legendary twelve peoples of Etruscan civilization who later formed the dodecapolis Etruscan League to protect their interests.</p><br>
<p>Although the wealth, magnificence and population of Vulci must have been among the first of Etruscan cities, it is mentioned only rarely in ancient literature or potential texts for some periods have been lost; hence the history of Vulci may be reconstructed mainly from archaeology.</p><br>
<p>In the Villanovan period, the wealth of metal resources in the Colline Metallifere hills was important in the development of trade especially with Sardinia. The most important discovery that testifies to the contact between Etruscans and Sardinians in this period was the Tomb of the Sardinian Bronzes in 1958 in the necropolis of Cavalupo, dated 850-800 BC, of a Sardinian woman of high rank. Among the funeral contents is a magnificent bronze statue of a warrior now in the National Etruscan Museum in the Villa Giulia. Numerous Villanovan fibulas have also been found in Sardinia.</p><br>
<p>Vulci&#39;s expansion in the Orientalising period of the 8th century BC is marked by the start of production of bronze objects such as covered urns in the shape of a house or cone, and the first of these products showed up in Greece towards the end of the century.</p><br>
<p>The 7th century is represented by the tomb of the Bronze Wagon, and in its later stages valuable and sophisticated products were imported from many Mediterranean markets showing the rise in wealth and culture of Vulci, whilst many Greeks came to live in Vulci as shown by the craftsmanship, manufacture and trade in fine ceramics (e.g. bucchero), bronze and gold.</p><br>
<p>Vulci&#39;s golden age of influence and wealth was in the 6th century BC when it ruled over the cities of Orbetello, Saturnia, Sovana, Castro, Pitigliano and Marsiliana. It became a centre of imports of refined Attic pottery, precious oriental balm, beautiful jewels of the most unusual shapes to satisfy its wealthy citizens, as is shown by the many masterpieces of Greek and Etruscan art from the tombs in national museums today. In return it exported its treasures throughout the Mediterranean: pottery, bronzes and wine.</p><br>
<p>The original port of Vulci was a quay on the river Fiora but the expansion of trade led it to build a larger coastal port at Regisvilla (or Regae) and it became a major maritime power although it was located some miles up the river, like Rome.</p><br>
<p>Originally the Etruscans were co-founders of Rome and they continued to dominate it. Vulci had some influence on early Rome, as Servius Tullius and the Vibenna brothers (Caile and Avle Vipinas) were from Vulci. Their names and pictures appear on a fresco in the François Tomb. After the population of Rome had become predominantly Italic, the Etruscan kings were overthrown.</p><br>
<p>After a time of crisis in the 2nd half of the 5th century, Vulci seems to have undergone a new expansion in the 4th century when the great tombs were built such as the François tomb.</p><br>
<p>The Roman–Etruscan Wars lasted many years before the Romans gained control over Etruria and the Etruscans were soundly defeated at Lake Vadimo in 310 and 283 BC. Nevertheless, Vulci was strong enough to further resist until Tiberius Coruncanius triumphed over Vulci in 280 BC and the colonia of Cosa was founded in its territory. The Romans took the coast from Vulci, cutting the base of their power which seems to have led to the decline of the city. The Etruscan league splintered apart during the war and the Etruscans were soon assimilated.</p><br>
<h3>Roman Period</h3><br>
<p>Vulci does not seem to have been of great importance in the remaining Roman period, even though the Romans built the Via Aurelia through it in 240 BC. However, rich and impressive buildings in the city date to this period. A surviving milestone gives the distance to Rome as 70 milia passuum (miles).</p><br>
<p>The road outside the north gate was repaved probably under Trajan&#39;s reign, showing that it continued in good repair.</p><br>
<p>Later Vulci became an episcopal see. The final abandonment seems to be in the 8th c. AD.</p><br>
<h2>The Site</h2><br>
<p>Recent excavations are discovering much more information on the history and importance of the city.</p><br>
<h3>Necropoli</h3><br>
<p>The former wealth of the town was shown first by the discoveries made in its extensive necropoli starting from the 18th century - Greek vases, bronzes and other remains.</p><br>
<p>From these tombs more Attic vases have been found in Vulci than at any other ancient site. Many of the finds were sold by the excavators and many found their way into the major museums of the world where they can be seen today.</p><br>
<p>In the 18th and 19th centuries many of the tombs were so well-known and spectacular, such as the Tomb of the Sun and Moon, that they were included on the Grand Tour of Europe. Despite these discoveries most of these tombs were later forgotten and lost, except for the Cuccumella tomb, the largest tumulus mound in the whole of Etruria.</p><br>
<p>The astounding frescoes from the François Tomb, discovered in 1857, illustrating Greek and Etruscan myths, are considered some of the most celebrated of the Etruscans and are now in the private Villa Albani museum in Rome. Another important burial chamber, the so-called Isis Tomb, proved to be a rich source of finds, most of which are now in the British Museum. The beautiful frescoes of the Hellenistic Tomb of the Bell-Ringers are preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Florence.</p><br>
<p>Recent excavations have brought to light more large and spectacular tombs such as the Tomb of the Silver Hands.</p><br>
<h3>City Walls</h3><br>
<p>The walls were built in the first half of the 4th c. BC before the wars with the Romans and are about 6.5 km in circumference. Several sections can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Three impressive and strong defensive gates of the five originals are now exposed. The remains of the north gate show an imposing defensive structure. On its west external side a votive ditch was discovered which was rich in materials documenting a cult linked to fertility dating from the Hellenistic era until the end of the first century AD. Near the ditch are tombs carved into a rocky bank. Not far away you can see the facing cross-linked by a building still to be explored.</p><br>
<p>The West Gate is the starting point of the Decumanus Maximus, the well-preserved east-west road of the city, paved with volcanic stone.</p><br>
<h3>Villa of the Cryptoporticus</h3><br>
<p>Along the decumanus is an area occupied by a large residential complex. The first building, a large domus north of the decumanus, is preceded by a series of small rectangular rooms, perhaps workshops (tabernae), overlooking the main street. Among these open the two entrances of the Villa (or Domus) of the Cryptoporticus, so named for its unusual and impressive underground rooms (cryptoporticus literally means covered porch, partly underground and was used in Roman architecture to build terraces or a covered market). It is a large and sumptuous private residence built in the classical style of noble Roman houses (domus with atrium and peristyle). Its earliest phase was the late 2nd and early 1st century BC and underwent numerous renovations in the Augustan period. Further changes were made between the Flavian and Hadrianic periods, while in late antiquity parts of the domus were partially reused. Later the area was abandoned and used as a cemetery from the discovery of tombs in the cellar.</p><br>
<p>The large main entrance leads into a vast atrium, around which are arranged various rooms, divided into bedrooms (cubicula) and living quarters (triclinia). A second entrance leads to a courtyard with a fountain in the centre, the result of the transformation of an original small lobby, probably in the late 1st century AD. This leads to the main lobby and then the rectangular peristyle surrounded by columns on all four sides. At the north-eastern corner of the peristyle are stairs giving access to the upper storey which is lost. The rich floor mosaic which dates from the first phase of the domus is still preserved; the mosaics of the two rooms that open onto the porch are dated to the Augustan age. The porch overlooks an apsidal nympheum which includes a swimming pool probably built in Imperial times.</p><br>
<p>In the north-western part are thermal baths that were reduced from four to three rooms in the restructuring of the Augustan age. They are composed of a dressing room (apodyterium), a Turkish bath (laconicum) and a room for hot water bath (calidarium), covered with intact mosaic floors supported on columns of bricks to allow the circulation of hot air. Areas immediately south of the baths were a general sector for services directly connected with the decumanus by a narrow private road.</p><br>
<p>The underground part of the house, the cryptoporticus, is accessed via a corridor to the east of the peristyle covered by a well preserved barrel vault. The underground environment was ventilated and lit from 18 windows that open at the level of the garden above. The function of the underground complex was especially the preservation of products such as wine and oil that needed a suitable environment.</p><br>
<p>Next to the north-western side of the domus is a series of rooms built probably in the Hellenistic age. It is a complex of two or more buildings of still uncertain date and use. They are characterised by the presence of works of canalisation and different types of paving, using brickwork, tiles and local stone.</p><br>
<h3>Roman Arch of Publius Sulpicius Mundus</h3><br>
<p>In 2003 the foundations of a triumphal arch were discovered on the Decumanus at the west side of the Roman forum. Many fragments were found which allowed reconstruction of the arch, and a long inscription was also found which dedicated it to Publius Sulpicius Mundus who was a Roman senator in around 100 BC.</p><br>
<h3>The Temple</h3><br>
<p>The temple has an imposing base of sides 36.5 x 24.5m. The temple had a continuous colonnade on all four sides, doubled on the front by four additional columns; it is preceded by a projection with a central staircase. The temple reveals at least two construction phases; the oldest (late 6th century BC) had numerous architectural terracottas with Ionic columns. In the early Roman Imperial age the temple was rebuilt, which involved the replacement of the wooden elements of the elevation with travertine structures and opus caementicium. Among the many elements of the elevation which have collapsed and are visible around the monument, a fragment of the architrave with inscription can be seen.</p><br>
<h3>Late Roman Basilica</h3><br>
<p>On the south side of the Decumanus is an apsidal rectangular building, believed to be a late Roman basilica. Originally with a gabled roof, it has a small apse and shows a combination of building techniques in the walls (especially in the east), such as opus reticulatum and opus incertum.</p><br>
<h3>Ponte dell'Abbadia</h3><br>
<p>As George Dennis described it: It is verily a magnificent structure, bestriding the rocky abyss like a colossus, with the Fiora fretting and foaming at a vast depth beneath. But what means this extraordinary curtain of stalactites which overhangs the bridge on this side, depending in huge jagged masses from the parapet, and looking as though a vast cataract had rolled over the top of the bridge, and been petrified in its fall, ere it could reach the ground?....The stalactites stand out six or seven feet from the wall, and depend to a depth of fifteen or twenty feet. Independently of their remarkable conformation, their colouring — a clear yellowish white — combines, with the grey or reddish masonry, to add to the effect of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Ponte dell&#39;Abbadia over the Fiora is a Roman bridge with a main arch of 20 m span and 30 m above the stream and was built upon an Etruscan bridge (the tufo buttresses are very probably Etruscan, for they are evidently the piers of the original bridge). It carried the ancient road and the Romans, unusually, incorporated an aqueduct on it leading to Vulci about 1.5 km away. The overflow of the aqueduct after it fell into disrepair caused the "curtain of stalactites".</p><br>
<p>The waters still flow from an aqueduct into the gardens of the adjoining Castello dell&#39;Abbadia.</p><br>
<p>The site also houses a mithraeum.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Vulci museum is located in the Castello dell&#39;Abbadia which houses an extensive collection of finds.</p><br>
<p>Beyazıt Tower, also named Seraskier Tower, from the name of the Ottoman ministry of War, is an 85 m fire-watch tower located in the courtyard of Istanbul University&#39;s main campus  on Beyazıt Square  in Istanbul, Turkey, on top of one of the "seven hills" which Constantine the Great had built the city, following the model of Rome.</p><br>
<p>Beyazıt Tower was ordered by the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II (1808–1839), and designed by Senekerim Balyan, who built it of stone in 1828 on the place of the original wooden Beyazıt Tower, which was destroyed in a fire and was constructed earlier by the architect&#39;s brother, Krikor Balyan.</p><br>
<p>It is currently equipped with lighting system to indicate weather conditions in different colors. Red colour means snow, blue—nice and clear weather, green—rain and yellow—fog.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first fire-watch tower in Beyazıt was built of timber in 1749, but it was burnt down during the 1756 Great Fire of Cibali. It was replaced by another timber tower on the same location, which was destroyed following the riots stirred by Sultan Mahmud II&#39;s decision to dissolve the Janissary Corps in 1826. The same year, another wooden tower was erected on the plot, designed and built by the palace architect Krikor Balyan, which was again set on fire by adherents of the Janissaries. Finally, the current tower, made of stone, was built in 1828 by Senekerim Balyan in Ottoman Baroque style.</p><br>
<p>The stone tower originally had a single floor of around 50 m² at the top for fire watching, which was reached through a wooden staircase of 180 steps. This watch room has 13 round arched windows. Initially, the tower had a timber roof in the form of a cone. In 1849, three floors in octagonal plan with round windows were added on the top section: one for signaling, one for signal baskets and the last one for flags. The smaller diameter of the highest three floors makes space for a terrace at the second floor. In 1889, an iron pole of 13 metres was erected on the roof. The tower was partly damaged by the earthquake of 1889 and was subsequently restored. At present, the tower has a stone roof and a wooden staircase of 256 steps.</p><br>
<p>Fire was an important threat for Istanbul and caused numerous wide scale disasters, largely because most houses in the Old Citys historic quarters were made of timber. Beyazıt Tower, Galata Tower and İcadiye Fire Tower (on Vaniköy Hill) were used for spotting fire threats, as they commanded long-distance views of the city from above. The entire Old City (Yedikule, Topkapı, Kocamustafapaşa, Fatih, Beyazıt), the cross-section of the Golden Horn districts (Fener, Balat, Eminönü) and those of the Bosphorus (Tophane, Beşiktaş, Ortaköy), the entrance of the Sea of Marmara (Üsküdar, Kadıköy) and even the Princes Islands towards the southeast of the city were within the range of watch sight from Beyazıt Tower.</p><br>
<p>Fire was signaled at daytime by lowering baskets and at night by lighting colored lamps. The number of the baskets or the number and the color of the lamps indicated the location, i.e. in which district of Istanbul the fire outbroke. As a response, the Watch Tower of Icadiye on the Anatolian side of the Bosphorus then fired 7 volleys to inform the citizens of the fire. Twenty firefighters were stationed in the Beyazıt Tower until 1923. In 1997, the structure underwent a thorough restoration.</p><br>
<p>Beyazıt Tower is still in use today as a watch-tower as well as for signaling weather forecast and maritime navigation information to the ships on the Golden Horn at night. The tower lost its importance with the development of advanced communications technology. Recently, two firefighters in three shifts are stationed in the tower for guarding purposes only. Since 1972, special permission is required to enter the tower.</p><br>
<p>Kleinwalsertal  is a part of Vorarlberg, Austria. It is part of the Bregenz district and due to the geographic location in the Allgäu Alps with its alpine terrain, the Kleinwalsertal has no direct traffic connection to the rest of Vorarlberg. It is only accessible via Oberstdorf, Germany to the north, and thus is an Austrian "practical exclave" or "pene-exclave". Prior to Austria joining the European Union, the area had tax-free status.</p><br>
<p>The name of the valley comes from the Walsers who came from the Valais in the 13th century.</p><br>
<p>The valley is famous in Central Europe as a ski and hiking resort. The 5,000 inhabitants, who are called "Walser", provide 10,300 beds for tourists.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The Kleinwalsertal is a high valley in the Allgäu Alps and is located in the east of Vorarlberg. The Breitach river runs through the entire valley and is fed by a few side streams, which come from the side valleys of the Kleinwalsertal.</p><br>
<p>The Kleinwalsertal is almost completely surrounded by high mountains. These are part of the Allgäu Alps, which are part of the northern eastern Alps. Its highest elevation is the Großer Widderstein (2533 m). The Kleinwalsertal is cut off from the rest of Austria. A traffic connection exists only to the Bavarian town of Oberstdorf.</p><br>
<h3>Towns</h3><br>
<p>The Kleinwalsertal includes the municipality of Mittelberg and consists of three villages which are situated along the River Breitach: Mittelberg, Hirschegg and Riezlern.</p><br>
<p>The official name of this entire municipality is Mittelberg after the first populated place. On an area of 96.82 square kilometers live 4.902 inhabitants with primary residence, which results in a population density of almost 51 inhabitants per square kilometer (as of March 31, 2016).</p><br>
<h2>Mountains of Kleinwalsertal</h2><br>
<p>Hoher Ifen 2,230 m</p><br>
<p>Kanzelwand 2,058 m</p><br>
<p>Walmendingerhorn 1,990 m</p><br>
<p>Fellhorn 2,038 m</p><br>
<p>Elfer</p><br>
<p>Zwölfer (Vorarlberg)</p><br>
<p>Widderstein 2,536 m</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kleinwalsertal was populated by the Walsers in 1270, a group of people who migrated from Switzerland. This Alemannic origin still distinguishes the inhabitants from the inhabitants of the surrounding communities by their dialect.</p><br>
<p>From 1891 Kleinwalsertal enjoyed a customs union with Germany, a free border, and used the Deutsche Mark. Since Austria joined the European Union in 1995, followed by the signing of the Schengen Agreement (1997) and the introduction of the Euro (2002), this special status no longer applies.</p><br>
<p>By the time of EU accession goods from Austria had to be cleared in Germany or the import turnover tax had to be paid while German goods were free of taxes. Taxes were to be paid to the Austrian tax office in D-Mark until the introduction of the euro. A special tariff was also applied to Swiss Post. Shipments to Austria were calculated according to the domestic tariffs of Austrian Post, those to Germany were to be freed with domestic porti of the Federal Post.</p><br>
<h2>Economy and Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The most important industry in the last century was agriculture, which currently has only a marginal importance. Now tourism plays the major role and as early as 1960 the number of overnight stays reached a million. In 2015, there were 792.026 overnight stays in summer and 816.240 in winter of 2015/2016.</p><br>
<p>The hiking and excursion tourism - especially of families with small children and seniors - is very pronounced. The choice of easy walks and moderately difficult hiking trails is correspondingly wide and well signposted. Mobility in the valley is ensured with the tightly driven Walserbus, which is free of charge to tourists paying the tourist tax via ownership of the Walsercard.</p><br>
<p>The good transport connections to the north also helped to strengthen tourism. So you only need about two and a half hours for the Stuttgart-Kleinwalsertal route.</p><br>
<h3>Winter- and Summer-Tourism</h3><br>
<p>Skiing is certainly the mainstay of winter tourism in the Kleinwalsertal, but it also has ski mountaineering and easy winter hiking. The great importance of tourism is also reflected in the winter sport infrastructure. The valley offers the opportunity to use 30 ski lifts, 6 chair lifts and 2 cable cars. The first mountain railway of the valley, the Kanzelwandbahn, was completed in Riezlern in 1955. The railway, renewed in 1989, transports winter sportsmen to 1957 meters above sea level. The "Kanzelwand / Fellhorn" ski area comprises 13, partly highly modern facilities.</p><br>
<p>In the summer, the guests usually come for mountain hiking. There are also two very popular climbing routes (Mindelheimer Klettersteig and Zweienland Klettersteig) on the border to the neighboring commune area of Oberstdorf, which are mostly accessed via the Kleinwalsertal because of the shorter route and easier accessibility.</p><br>
<p>The conditions for sports climbing on the Hohen Ifen and the Bärenköpfle are very good. However, it is severely restricted or completely forbidden for hunting reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Copperbelt is a natural region in Central Africa which sits on the border region between northern Zambia and the southern Democratic Republic of Congo. It is known for copper mining.</p><br>
<p>Traditionally, the term Copperbelt includes the mining regions of Zambias Copperbelt Province (notably the towns of Ndola, Kitwe, Chingola, Luanshya, and Mufulira in particular) and the Congos Haut-Katanga Province (notably Lubumbashi, Kolwezi, and Likasi). In some contexts the term may exclude the Congo entirely.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Western discovery of copper in Zambia is owed partly to the celebrated American scout Frederick Russell Burnham, who in 1895 led and oversaw the massive Northern Territories (BSA) Exploration Co. expedition which established that major copper deposits existed in Central Africa. Along the Kafue River in then Northern Rhodesia, Burnham saw many similarities to copper deposits he had worked in the United States, and he encountered natives wearing copper bracelets. In his report to the British South Africa Company Burnham had this to say about the region:</p><br>
<p>About 200 miles north of the Falls on the Incalla river, and twelve miles from the Kafukwe (Ed: now known as the Kafue River) and still on the high plateau is probably one of the greatest copper fields on the continent. The natives have worked this ore for ages, as can be seen by their old dumps, and they work it to-day. The field is very extensive, and reaches away to Katanga... The natives inhabiting this part of the country are skilled workmen, and have traded their handiwork with all comers, even as far afield as the Portuguese of the West Coast and the Arabs of the East. These natives, being miners and workers of copper and iron, and being permanently located in the ground, would give the very element needed in developing these fields.</p><br>
<p>The increasing use of copper bids fair to make it one of the most valuable products a country can have.... The copper mines of Montana and Arizona have proven of more value than the gold mines, regardless of the fact that the copper had to be hauled two thousand miles by rail to the seaboard, and the coal and coke to smelt it hauled hundreds of miles to the mines. So far as natural difficulties are concerned, this northern field can be fed from the coal deposits of the valley of the Zambezi (Ed: Burnham had previously discovered the massive coal fields at Hwange), and the product shipped to the East Coast at a less expense than the product of Montana and Arizona can be laid on the dock at New York.</p><br>
<p>Many years later, the British South Africa Company built towns along the river a railroad to transport the copper through Mozambique.</p><br>
<h2>Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>The Copperbelt was inhabited by many prehistoric groups including the Chondwe Group whose pottery resembles that of Luangwa vessels found today in the Kalambo Falls region.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>During the 1950s, this was the largest copper producing area in the world, and included the Roan Antelope Mine, Nkana Mine, the Nchanga Mines, the Mufulira Mine, and the Rokana Mine. Chalcopyrite, bornite, and chalcocite are found in the metamorphosed calcareous shales and arkoses of the Lower Roan Formation in the Katanga System.</p><br>
<h2>Popular Culture</h2><br>
<p>From Doris Lessing&#39;s The Grass is Singing, "He met a man from Northern Rhodesia, who told him about the copper mines and the wonderfully high salaries. They sounded fantastic to Tony, He took the next train to the copper belt..."</p><br>
<p>Fort Clinch is a 19th-century masonry coastal fortification, built as part of the Third System of seacoast defense conceived by the United States. It is located on a peninsula near the northernmost point of Amelia Island in Nassau County, Florida. The fort lies to the northeast of Fernandina Beach at the entrance to the Cumberland Sound , in the northeast part of the state. Today it is included within the boundaries of Fort Clinch State Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This site was first fortified in 1736 by the Spanish, when they held colonies in Florida. From 1736, various nations to control the territory have garrisoned and fortified this site to protect the entrance to the St. Marys River and Cumberland Sound.</p><br>
<p>After the end of the Second Seminole War, the United States started construction of a fort, later named Fort Clinch, in 1847. It was part of its Third System of coastal defenses conceived earlier in the century, which guided fortifications throughout this period. The fortified compound is pentagonal in shape, with both inner and outer walls, and consists of almost five million bricks. There are corner bastions and embrasures in the outer walls and several structures in the interior courtyards, including a two-story barracks. The fort was named in honor of General Duncan Lamont Clinch after his death in 1849. General Clinch fought in the War of 1812 and was an important figure in the First and Second Seminole Wars.</p><br>
<p>Confederate forces seized the fort in early 1861. It was used as a safe haven for Confederate blockade runners during the first year of the Civil War. However, changes in technology, specifically, the development of rifled cannon, had improved weaponry to the point that the fort&#39;s brick walls were vulnerable to attacks and thus obsolete. In March 1862 General Robert E. Lee ordered abandonment of the fort in order to use scarce troops in other areas. Federal troops re-occupied the fort in early 1862, taking control of the adjacent Georgia and Florida coasts. They used the fort as the base of Union operations in the area throughout the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The fort was placed on caretaker status in 1869; it remained so until 1898, when the Army garrisoned it during the short Spanish–American War. In September of that year, the Army abandoned it again. The fort gradually deteriorated.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression, workers of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) began restoration of the fort during the 1930s. It was restored to the Civil War era. In 1935, the State of Florida bought 256 acre that included the then-abandoned fort and the surrounding area. Fort Clinch State Park including the fort, opened to the public in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The fort was closed to the public during World War II and used as a communications and security post. It was re-opened to public visits after the war ended.</p><br>
<p>The fort was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is interpreted largely in terms of its use as a base of Union operations during the American Civil War. State Park personnel reenact military life at the fort, which is open from 8:00am until sundown, year-round.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Fort Clinch, Florida, U.S - entrance.jpgThe entrance (2015)</p><br>
<p>San Gorgonio Pass, sometimes referred to as Banning Pass due to the location of Banning, California at the western end of the pass, el. 2,600 ft, is a gap on the rim of the Great Basin between the San Bernardino Mountains to the north and the San Jacinto Mountains to the south, carrying Interstate 10 and the Union Pacific Railroad between the Los Angeles basin and the Coachella Valley. Like Cajon Pass to the northwest, it was created by the San Andreas Fault, with the valleys leading up to the pass aligned with the fault. The pass is not as steep as Cajon or Tejon passes, but it is one of the deepest mountain passes in the 48 contiguous states, with the mountains to either side rising almost 9,000 ft above it. San Gorgonio Mountain, taller but farther away and less visible, is at the northern side of the pass, and Mount San Jacinto is on the southern side. Mount San Jacinto has the fifth-largest rock wall in North America, and its peak is only six miles south of Interstate 10. Today, San Gorgonio Pass is used by commuters from the Greater San Bernardino Area to travel through the mountains to Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley, and points further east, all the way to Phoenix, Arizona.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The pass is the major geologic divide between the igneous batholithic Peninsular Ranges and the Transverse Ranges, which is a massive fault block composed of more diverse forms of rock. According to Yule 2009, the pass is the single "largest discontinuity along the San Andreas fault". Were faulting not to occur, the Peninsular Ranges would have been contiguous with the Sierra Nevada.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the pass is in Beaumont, just east of the junction of Interstate 10 and State Route 79, at an elevation of about 2,600 ft. However, the heart of the pass is generally considered to be further east near Cabazon, where the passageway between the two mountain ranges is narrowest. Eastward from here, the route descends steeply towards the Coachella Valley, with the eastern end of the pass taken to be at the junction of Interstate 10 and State Route 111 near Whitewater Canyon. The Southern Pacific Railroad (now the Union Pacific) laid down tracks through the pass in 1875, and in 1952 an expressway was built through the pass, carrying USA Route 99, USA Route 70 and USA Route 60. There are still portions of the old USA 99 route between Whitewater Canyon and Cabazon. Main Street in Cabazon, Ramsey Street in Banning, 6th Street in Beaumont, and Roberts Road in Calimesa are all old sections of USA 99.</p><br>
<p>The San Gorgonio Pass area tends to get snow at least once or twice during the winter months, although it rarely sticks to hard surfaces, such as the freeway or city streets. The most famous sight on San Gorgonio Pass is the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm on its eastern slope, as it marks the gateway into the Coachella Valley. (The pass is one of the windiest places in Southern California.) Also nearby are the Cabazon Dinosaurs on the north side of the freeway from Cabazon.</p><br>
<p>Hindscarth is a mountain between the valleys of Buttermere and Newlands, in the north-western part of the English Lake District. The fell&#39;s name is derived from two words from the Old Norse language, Hind and Skarth, and means the pass used by the red deer.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The North Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north-south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. Hindscarth stands in the southern sector. The principal ridge in this group of fells runs east from Buttermere, climbing over Robinson, Hindscarth and Dale Head. It then turns north, descending gradually toward Derwentwater, the main tops being High Spy, Maiden Moor and Catbells.</p><br>
<p>The ridge from Robinson to Dale Head forms the heads of Little Dale and Newlands, bypassing the intervening summit of Hindscarth. This stands off to the north, forming the dividing wall between the two valleys. The long north-west ridge steps down over several tiers of crag to the confluence of its bordering streams. The southern face of Hindscarth looks down over Honister Pass.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>A popular ascent starts from a parking area nearby Newlands Church and passes over the Scope End ridge before continuing up crags to the summit. Due to their proximity, Hindscarth and Robinson are often combined into a single walk starting from Newlands. The fell is also part of a longer walk including Catbells, High Spy, Dale Head and along the Littledale Edge ridge to Robinson — the Newlands Horseshoe.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Hindscarth is an example of the Buttermere Formation, an olistostrome of disrupted, sheared and folded mudstone, siltstone and sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>The northern ridge of Hindscarth which falls away to the Newlands valley has at its foot (at Scope End) one of the most famous former mines in the Lake District. The Goldscope mine has been designated as a major national important site by English Heritage who have stated that it should receive priority treatment for its protection and preservation. The mine was opened in 1564 and developed in its early days by German miners, who worked its rich veins of lead and copper. The mine was considered so important in its early days that it was requisitioned for the Crown by Elizabeth I from its then-owner, the Earl of Northumberland. There are considerable spoil heaps on the Newlands Beck side of Scope End and the shaft inside the hillside was sunk to such a considerable depth that it became uneconomical to pump out the water, leading to the closure of the mine at the end of the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit carries an untidy cairn amid some embedded rocks. Elsewhere there are patches of grass and gravel. A hundred yards south is a larger cairn, marked as a Shelter on Ordnance Survey maps. The view north into the Newlands Valley is excellent, backed by Skiddaw. All of the major fell groups with the exception of High Street can be seen.</p><br>
<p>The Marin County Civic Center, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is located in San Rafael, California, United States. Groundbreaking for the Civic Center Administration Building took place in 1960, after Wrights death and under the watch of Wrights protégé, Aaron Green, and was completed in 1962. The Hall of Justice was begun in 1966 and completed in 1969. Veterans Memorial Auditorium opened in 1971, and the Exhibit Hall opened in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Located away from the former county seat in downtown San Rafael, the expansive complex stretches across two valleys just east of US 101. Its pink stucco walls, blue roof and scalloped balconies are distinctive. The smaller wing is the county administration building and the larger the Hall of Justice, joined by a round structure on a small hill that houses a county library.</p><br>
<p>A battle between factions of the Marin County Board of Supervisors played out through the selection of the site and the architect, the financing of the project, and its eventual completion. The Marin County Civic Center is a state and National Historic Landmark. The main Civic Center building has been nominated for the UNESCO World Heritage List as a part of ten properties by Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>The nearby fairgrounds host the Marin Sonoma Concours d’Elegance each spring</p><br>
<p>they host the Marin County Fair each July.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The selection of Frank Lloyd Wright in 1957 to design the Civic Center was controversial. The Civic Center project was Wrights largest public project, and encompassed an entire campus of civic structures. The post office was the only federal government project of Wrights career. Wrights design borrowed ideas and forms from Wrights Broadacre City concept, first published in 1932.</p><br>
<h3>Main building</h3><br>
<p>The principal structure consists of a four story 580 ft long Administration Building and a three story 880 ft long Hall of Justice at a lower elevation, joined at an 120 degree angle at an 80 ft diameter rotunda. The Hall of Justice spans a small valley, arching twice over an access road and a parking area, while the Administration Building spans a smaller ravine. Both structures are entered through archways on their lower levels. The long principal facades are marked by shallow non-structural arches of decreasing span with each story. The arches, which are framed in metal with a stucco appliqué, overlap slightly at the lower level. On the intermediate level they appear to stand on short slender gold-anodized columns, and on the top level they become round openings with gold railings directly under the deep roof overhang. The railings themselves have a circular pattern. The bright blue roof is itself patterned with arched cut-outs and raised circular patterns The building wings are arranged as a barrel vault shape on either side of the central galley, asymmetrically disposed. Interior guardrails at the atrium are solid stucco with no metal elements. Entrances are controlled by vertical grills of gold-anodized metal with rounded tops and bottoms, rather than doors. The eaves are embellished with an arched fascia with small gold balls inset in each arch, a pattern repeated in the atria.</p><br>
<p>The rotunda on the central hill houses the county library and a central cafeteria. Its 172 ft gold spire was meant to house a radio transmitter, as well as the boiler plant&#39;s chimney. The interiors are arranged around open atria or "malls" as Wright called them, which allow natural light into the space. Originally open to the sky, the malls were later covered with skylights designed by William Wesley Peters.</p><br>
<p>Wrights concept envisioned a gold-colored roof, which proved to be impossible to obtain in a long-lasting material. After Wrights death, Olgivanna Wright chose a bright blue color that would weather well, gaining a softer color with age. The color choice, together with the pink stucco walls, was initially controversial, causing the building to become known as "Big Pink." The only large gold element is the spire at the rotunda.</p><br>
<h3>Accessory buildings</h3><br>
<p>The Post Office building is a one-story elliptical building near the entrance to the complex. Its facade repeats the arch motif, with circular embellishments on its canopy. The interior features and elliptical lobby.</p><br>
<p>The nearby Veterans Auditorium was designed by the Taliesin Associated Architects and was completed in 1971 in a manner compatible with the main complex. in an amphitheater arrangement. A separate Showcase Theater seats 300, and the exhibition hall can accommodate up to 2000 patrons.</p><br>
<p>The original Hall of Justice design incorporated the Marin County Jail. As the jail outgrew its space a number of proposals were advanced for a new facility adjoining the Civic Center. A new, mostly underground jail was completed in 1994 in the hilltop immediately to the west of the Hall of Justice, designed by AECOM with 222 cells and 363 beds. The jail connects to the Hall of Justice by an underground link. The design concept was originally suggested by Aaron Green. The final design was reached after unsuitable underground and above-ground designs were rejected in the 1980s. Natural lighting of interior spaces is provided by skylit light wells over the common space of each of six pods.</p><br>
<p>A Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit train station was constructed nearby which bears the same name.</p><br>
<h2>Politics</h2><br>
<p>The Marin Civic center arose from a desire to consolidate county services at a single location, away from the center of San Rafael. The idea was combined with a proposed county fairground, and 140 acre of the Scettrini ranch were purchased in 1956 for $551,416 along USA Highway 101 near Santa Venetia. The same year a selection committee was convened to select an architect, interviewing 26 firms, with a strong showing from Richard Neutra. Frank Lloyd Wright was not interviewed, and had indicated that he would not participate in a competitive selection. At the instigation of supervisor Vera Schultz, committee members and four county supervisors met Wright in June 1957 when he visited Berkeley to lecture at the University of California. On June 27 the Board of Supervisors voted 4-1, with Supervisor William Fusselman dissenting, to retain Wright. Wright arrived in San Rafael two days later. He was 90 years old.</p><br>
<p>Opposition to Wrights appointment was immediately apparent. The holdout supervisor represented a conservative base that was opposed to the rapid pace of change in Marin County and to the proposed move from the center of San Rafael. Wrights fee of 10% of the construction cost drew criticism, as it was 2% higher than that proposed by other firms. Fusselman found a supporter in Wisconsin State Assemblyman Carroll Metzner, a virulent opponent of Wright in Wisconsin who appeared with Fusselman on local radio in Marin to denounce Wrights "socialist" design philosophy. Fusselman was also supported by the local chapter of the American Legion. At the board meeting that confirmed Wrights appointment Legionniare Bryson Reinhardt read into the record a denunciation of Wright as a supporter of Communism during World War II, prompting an angry response from Wright, who threatened to walk away from the project. The county clerk, a Fusselman ally who had helped to organize the Legionnaires protest, lost Wrights contract. A carbon copy of the contract was signed by the president of the Board of Supervisors, and Wright stayed. Opponents demanded a referendum on the design, which was counteracted by an effective public relations campaign by supporters. Wright was directed to proceed with detailed design on April 28, 1958. In March 1959 Wright was appointed to design the post office. On April 9, 1959, Wright died, aged 92. Supervisor Fusselman attempted to obtain the plans as they were at Wright&#39;s death and to cut the fee by 2%. Both efforts were unsuccessful. Design of the first phase was complete in September 1959, directed by Wesley Peters and Aaron Green. The low bidder was Rothschild, Raffin and Weirick of San Francisco for $3,638,735 for the building and $596,470 for site development.</p><br>
<p>Ground was broken on February 15, 1960 at a ceremony attended by Wrights widow, Olgivanna, Wrights son Lloyd Wright and grandson Eric Lloyd Wright, but not by Fusselman. The June 1960 election changed the makeup of the Marin County Board of Supervisors so that, in the following January, the new board voted to halt work on the project and possibly to convert it for use as a hospital, to replace a hospital that had been condemned. However, a poll by the Marin Independent Journal showing overwhelming support for the project pressured board members to change their minds. This, together with a negative report on conversion to hospital use by an independent architectural firm led to the lifting of the stop-work order, construction resumed a week later. The contractor sued for time and money lost during the stoppage. There was no further political opposition. The post office was the first building to be completed, and was dedicated on May 19, 1962. The Administration Building was dedicated on October 13, 1962, again without Fusselman.</p><br>
<p>The Hall of Justice was financed by a special bond passed by referendum in 1965, which allocated $7,750,000 to the $11,756,000 cost of the new wing. Work by the contractor, Robert E. McKee of Dallas, Texas, was scheduled to be complete by October 1968. Strikes, bad weather, delivery problems for materials and design changes pushed the proposed completion to July 1969. The Hall of Justice was finally dedicated on December 13, 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designation</h2><br>
<p>The Marin County Civic Center main building was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 17, 1991, and is, with other Wright buildings, being considered for designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Attacks</h2><br>
<p>In August 1970 the Civic Center, which houses the Marin County Superior Court, was the scene of an attempted jailbreak led by Jonathan Jackson, the brother of Black Panther militant George Jackson, demanding the release of the so-called "Soledad Brothers". Jackson released several prisoners in the courtroom and the group took a number of hostages, including the presiding judge, Harold Haley. While they were attempting to escape, four people, including Judge Haley and Jonathan Jackson, were killed. The story, which featured dramatic photographs, was carried in newspapers nationally. Black Panther activist Angela Davis was eventually tied to the case, prompting her to go on the run before being caught and ultimately acquitted on charges of supplying firearms to Jonathan Jackson. Aaron Green designed a landscaped area near the Hall of Justice as a memorial to Judge Haley.</p><br>
<p>Later that same year, in October 1970, the WUO detonated a bomb at the Courthouse in retaliation.</p><br>
<p>https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1136806555</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The Civic Center has an interesting relationship with science fiction. It was a filming location for director George Lucass first feature-length film THX 1138 in 1971. Coincidently, also in 1971 on November 17, the science fiction author Philip K Dick came to the police office, that was located in the building at the time, to report the theft of all his personal papers. Explosives were used to open his 1,100 pound fire proof safe. "He was convinced it was the CIA. This troubling event starts a paranoia in Dicks mind." Later, Lucas would use elements of the Civic Center design in the design of structures on Naboo in the Star Wars universe. The exterior and interior views of the buildings were featured in the 1997 film Gattaca.</p><br>
<p>The building also has a relationship with music. Parts of Peter Frampton&#39;s 1976 multi-platinum selling live album Frampton Comes Alive! were recorded during his performance at the Marin County Civic Center on June 13, 1975. The Grateful Dead recorded their 1987 album In the Dark in front of an empty house at the Marin Veterans Memorial Auditorium. Exterior views were pictured in the music video for the song "I Need a Doctor" by Dr. Dre from his album Detox.</p><br>
<p>The Philipsburgh Building, also known as Philipsburgh Hall, is an architectural landmark building in Getty Square in downtown Yonkers, New York. The grand, Beaux-Arts style structure was designed by G. Howard Chamberlin and built in 1904 using a unique all-concrete construction making it the first fireproof office building in Westchester County. For years, the enormous grand ballroom within, with its 30-foot  ceilings and extensive gold leaf decor, was a fixture of the social scene in Yonkers, playing host to all manner of meetings, parties and theatrical productions including speeches by Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt (resulting in its being named "The Roosevelt Ballroom" by Encore Caterers.</p><br>
<p>In the latter half of the 20th century, the building and the neighborhood around it fell into physical and economic disrepair. By the 1980s, most of the building had been converted to low-rent apartments, while parts of it were left entirely unoccupied. In the 1990s, the building benefited from a renewed interest in local development, and was heavily renovated and restored. The grand "Roosevelt" ballroom once again found its place as a focal point of local culture.</p><br>
<p>The building was restored and renamed the Philipsburgh Performing Arts Center (PPAC, pronounced "P-pack" locally) in 2001. The PPAC concept was short-lived, however, and by early 2005 it had ceased to be. The building&#39;s primary occupant is a Middle Eastern restaurant "Nawab" and its owners are also the caterers for events at the Ballroom.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Kato Nevrokopi  is a municipality and town within that municipality in the northwest section of the Drama regional unit, Greece. Before the 2011 local government reform, it was the largest municipality in all of Greece, covering an area of 873.552 km² . The 2011 census reported a population of 7,860 inhabitants. The region is known for the very low temperatures during the winter and for its famous agricultural products such as potatoes and beans. The area has several features to attract tourists: the ski center of Falakro, the traditional settlement in the village of Granitis , the historical bunker of Lise, the artificial lakes of Lefkogeia and Potamoí, the spectacular routes in the forests, the old churches. The forest paths offer excellent views to hikers. The largest towns are Kato Nevrokopi , Volakas , Perithorio , Lefkogeia , Kato Vrontou , and Ochyro . On the territory of the municipality are located several abandoned villages, including Monastiri and Mavrochori.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Under the Ottoman Empire, the village was predominantly settled by Bulgarians, with small numbers of Turks and Vlachs. Following the Asia Minor Catastrophe and the subsequent population exchange, it was settled by large numbers of Greek refugees from Asia Minor. In 1927, its name was changed from Ζύρνοβο (Zyrnovo, Зърново) to Kato Nevrokopi, after the neighbouring town of Nevrokop (present Gotse Delchev) in Bulgaria. On 18 April 1945, during fighting related to the Greek civil war, many Slavic inhabitants left the area. Many of them resettled in Štip, today in the Republic of Macedonia.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Armen Kouptsios</p><br>
<p>Theodosius Gologanov</p><br>
<p>Kupusina  is a village located in the Apatin municipality, in the West Bačka District of Serbia. It is situated in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.</p><br>
<p>The village has a Hungarian ethnic majority and its population numbering 2,356 people (2002 census).</p><br>
<h2>Ethnic groups (2002 census)</h2><br>
<p>Hungarians=1,857 (78.82%)</p><br>
<p>Serbs=279 (11.84%)</p><br>
<p>others.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>1961: 3,133</p><br>
<p>1971: 3,063</p><br>
<p>1981: 2,694</p><br>
<p>1991: 2,500</p><br>
<p>2002: 2,356</p><br>
<p>2011: 1,921</p><br>
<p>in the June 2006 session of the Municipality of Apatin, the Hungarian language gained the status of the official language of Kupusina. Until then, Serbian language was the sole official language in this village, although Hungarians have comprised majority in the village since the country of Serbia and Montenegro was established.</p><br>
<p>The National Garden  is a historical and governmental compound in Tehran, Iran.</p><br>
<p>Formerly referred to as the Parade Square (میدان مشق, ) (میدان رژه, ), it used to be a military shooting range during the Qajar period. It was then turned into a public park for a short period, and eventually important governmental offices and museums were built around it.</p><br>
<p>Building number 9 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (formerly the "Police House"), the University of Art (formerly the "Cossack House"), Malek National Museum, Post and Communication Museum, and the National Museum are situated in the compound.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The field was first constructed as a shooting practice range, during the reign of the Qajar Dynasty. It was used for the military garrison, and the Cossacks practiced military parade in it. The range was then developed during the reign of Nasser ed Din Shah, with a new building named Cossack House, which was somewhat transformed during the reign of Mozaffar ed Din Shah.</p><br>
<p>Under the rule of Reza Shah of the Pahlavi Dynasty, the range was turned into a modern public park for a short period, and the famous gate of the compound was built by Mirza Mehdi Khan Shaghaghi (Momtahen od Dowle) before the arrival of World War II. Eventually, important governmental buildings were built around the compound; such as the "Police House" (or the "Shahrbani House") which was built for Shahrbani, an organization responsible for maintaining security in the city.</p><br>
<p>Bagh-e Melli.jpgThe National Garden in the 1960s</p><br>
<p>پاییز و سردر باغ ملی.jpgThe area in front of the gate</p><br>
<p>Meydan Mashgh Tehran.jpgUniversity of Art(formerly the "Cossack House")</p><br>
<p>Gazzaghkhaneh Tehran.jpgPart of the complex of the former "Cossack House"</p><br>
<p>Ministry of Foreign Affairs building in Tehran.jpgMinistry of Foreign Affairs(formerly the "Police House")</p><br>
<p>Compounds of the Foreign Ministry of Iran in Tehran.jpgCompounds of the Foreign Ministry</p><br>
<p>Fort Mason, once known as San Francisco Port of Embarkation, US Army, in San Francisco, California, is a former United States Army post located in the northern Marina District, alongside San Francisco Bay. Fort Mason served as an Army post for more than 100 years, initially as a coastal defense site and subsequently as a military port facility. During World War II, it was the principal port for the Pacific campaign.</p><br>
<p>Today it is part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the site of several cultural facilities. It is a National Historic Landmark District with over 49 buildings of historic significance, spread over 1,200 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Fort Mason can be split into two distinct areas. The upper area, sometimes called Fort Mason, is situated on a headland and was the site of the original coastal fortifications. The lower area, Fort Mason Center, is situated close to water level to the west of Upper Fort Mason, and is the site of the former military port, with its piers and warehouses. The Marina Green lies to the west of Fort Mason, while Aquatic Park is to the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Earlier private ownership by John C. Frémont</h3><br>
<p>The nucleus of Fort Mason was a private property owned by John C. Frémont, the world-famous explorer of the US west, who also spearheaded the conquest of California from Mexico, and ran as the first presidential nominee of the extant Republican Party in 1856. As alleged in a 1968 federal lawsuit filed by his descendants over the 70-acre parcel then at issue, Frémont bought a 13.5-acre property in the mid-1850s for $42,000, and then improved it by about $40,000.</p><br>
<p>Appointed a Major General in the Union army at the start of the Civil War, Frémont&#39;s repeated serious conflicts with President Lincoln led him to resign by late 1862. In 1863, the government seized the property without payment, by executive order of Lincoln, on the grounds it was needed for the war effort. Frémont would again contest the US presidency in 1864, running as the candidate of Radical Democracy Party, only resigning the effort when Lincoln fired a political enemy in his cabinet as a concession.</p><br>
<p>The 1968 lawsuit was perhaps the last shot of a century-long legal struggle to obtain compensation for the seized realty. In 1870, the government returned property to 49 parties in the vicinity, but not to Frémont and a few others. At that time, Frémont was still very preoccupied with enough of the vast fortune he had made through gold-mining before the Civil War that the matter was unlikely of concern to him; but by 1872 he was in grave financial trouble he would never escape before his demise in 1890. Over the years, at least 24 Congressional committees would vote to compensate Frémont, and finally in February 1893 President McKinley signed a bill directing that the court of claims fix the compensation due. But in 1968 the Frémont heirs complained it had failed to carry out this direction, with John Frémont then recently dead and his widow Jessie nearly 70 years old.</p><br>
<h3>The fort as government property</h3><br>
<p>The Civil War prompted the construction of several coastal defense batteries located inside the Golden Gate. Initially these defenses were built as temporary wartime structures rather than permanent fortifications and one of these was constructed in 1864 at Point San Jose, as the location of Upper Fort Mason was then known. A breast-high wall of brick and mounts for six 10 in Rodman cannons and six 42-pounder guns were built on the site. Excavation in the early 1980s uncovered the well-preserved remains of the western-half of the temporary battery, and it has now been restored to its condition during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The fort was named Fort Mason in 1882, after Richard Barnes Mason, a former military governor of California.</p><br>
<p>President Grover Cleveland established the Endicott Board in 1885 for the purpose of modernizing the nation&#39;s coastal fortifications. Chaired by Secretary of War William Endicott, the board recommended new defenses at 22 USA seaports, deeming San Francisco Harbor second only to that of New York in strategic importance. As a result, an extensive series of forts, batteries, and guns were built on the harbor, including Fort Mason.</p><br>
<p>The piers and sheds of Lower Fort Mason were originally built from 1912 to warehouse army supplies and provide docking space for army transport ships. By this time, the US Army began to build new bases in Hawaii, the Philippines, and various other Pacific islands. Most of the materiel for those bases was shipped through San Francisco. By 1915, the three piers together with their associated warehouse had been completed, and Fort Mason Tunnel driven under Upper Fort Mason to connect with the railroad network along the Embarcadero.</p><br>
<p>With these new facilities, Fort Mason was transformed from a harbor defense post into a logistical and transport hub for American military operations in the Pacific. The Army ferry provided scheduled transportation from Fort Mason to the processing center at Fort McDowell on Angel Island up to eight times per day during the war. was used to transport cavalry horses from Fort Mason&#39;s pier to Fort Mills.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Fort Mason became the headquarters of the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, controlling a network of shipping facilities that spread across the Bay Area. Over the years of the war, 1,647,174 passengers and 23,589,472 measured tons moved from the port into the Pacific. This total represents two-thirds of all troops sent into the Pacific and more than one-half of all Army cargo moved through West Coast ports. The highest passenger count was logged in August 1945 when 93,986 outbound passengers were loaded.</p><br>
<p>The Korean War in the 1950s also kept the post busy, and in 1955 the San Francisco Port of Embarkation was renamed the USA Army Transportation Terminal Command Pacific. The embarkation operations continued through the early sixties. In 1965 the headquarters of the US Army Transportation Terminal Command were transferred to the Oakland Army Terminal, and most of Fort Mason&#39;s embarkation facilities fell into disuse. The Army continues to use and maintain the old officer housing. The National Park Service took over the administration of the site in the 1970s as a part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. In 1976 lower Fort Mason became the Fort Mason Center, a non profit organization that provides a destination for programs, events and organizations that support and reflect the evolving cultural fabric of San Francisco and the Bay Area. (GGNRA).</p><br>
<h2>Current uses</h2><br>
<p>Some of the old officer housing remains in use by the Army, while some is rented to the public. One of the larger buildings has been converted into a youth hostel, operated by Hostelling International USA.</p><br>
<p>As a whole, the former post is now a mix of parks and gardens and late nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings that are still in use. A path follows the harbor edge, rising along the headland and offering views north past Alcatraz and west to the Golden Gate Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The lower portion of the site is known as the Fort Mason Center for Arts & Culture (FMCAC). FMCAC is a non-profit and their campus houses the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Artists Gallery, Blue Bear School of Music, City College of San Francisco Art Campus, The Interval, Greens Restaurant, Readers Bookstore, Magic Theatre, the Mexican Museum, Embark Gallery, Off the Grid, BATS Improv, San Francisco Childrens Art Center, Museo ItaloAmericano, Flax art & design, California Lawyers for the Arts and other organizations connected to arts and culture. The newest space is Gallery 308, whose inaugural exhibition was Janet CardiffsThe Forty Part Motet (November 14, 2015 – January 18, 2016), followed by Sophie Calles Missing (June 22, 2017 – August 20, 2017). In the fall of 2017, the San Francisco Art Institute will open a graduate program campus, housed in FMCACs historic Herbst Pavilion.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service headquarters for both the Golden Gate National Recreation Area and the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park are located in Fort Mason.</p><br>
<p>Operations for the United States Park Police are located in the fort, providing police services for the Golden Gate National Recreation Area in San Francisco and Marin County.</p><br>
<p>Every Friday since 2010 from March through October, an Off the Grid gathering of food trucks occurs and draws large crowds.</p><br>
<h2>Future developments</h2><br>
<p>A proposal exists to extend the F Market & Wharves or E Embarcadero historic streetcar line to a terminal at Lower Fort Mason. This extension would run from the vicinity of the existing terminal near Fisherman&#39;s Wharf, westward alongside the San Francisco Maritime Museum and Aquatic Park, and then through the existing, now unused, San Francisco Belt Railroad tunnel under Upper Fort Mason.</p><br>
<p>A technical feasibility study, under the aegis of the National Park Service and San Francisco Municipal Railway, was completed in December 2004. An Environmental Impact Statement for the extension, involving the San Francisco Municipal Railway, National Park Service and Federal Transit Administration, commenced in May 2006. The Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) was completed in March 2011, and was scheduled to be reviewed by December 2011.</p><br>
<p>Hasan Abad , also spelled Hasanabad, is an old and historical area within the Monirie District of Tehran, Iran. There is also a famous square in the area which carries the same name.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area was originally developed during the reign of the Qajar Dynasty.</p><br>
<p>Hasanabad Square was built by the order of Mirza Yusef Ashtiani, the vizier of Naser ed Din Shah, and was named after his son, Mirza Hasan Ashtiani, who then became the Prime Minister of Iran for a period.</p><br>
<p>Following the 1979 Revolution, the square was renamed to The 31st of Shahrivar, in commemoration of the invasion of Iraqi bombers to the Iranian air bases. However, the new name did not remain and it has been reverted to Hasan Abad.</p><br>
<p>Once there was a statue at the square, which represented the Qajar-era constitutional activist Malek ol Motekallemin. After the 1979 Revolution, for unspecified reasons, the statue was moved to the store of the City&#39;s Park and then completely disappeared.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The surrounding buildings of Hasanabad Square were designed by Iranian-Armenian architect Qelich Baqelian, with the structural engineering provided by fellow Iranian-Armenian architect Leon Tadosian.</p><br>
<p>The square is surrounded by four identical buildings, each covering one corner of the square. After the 1979 Revolution, the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization made efforts in order to re-construct the damaged portions of the buildings. As part of the reconstruction, two additional blue glassy modern floors owned by the National Bank of Iran were added onto the old structure of one of the four buildings.</p><br>
<p>01 hasan abad Sq.jpgHasan Abad Square</p><br>
<p>02 hasan abad Sq.jpgHasan Abad Square</p><br>
<p>03 hasan abad Sq.jpgHasan Abad Square</p><br>
<p>The Hoher List is a stratovolcano, near the town of Daun in the Eifel region. The hill is in the county of Vulkaneifel in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Hoher List lies in the Volcanic Eifel, part of the Eifel Mountains, in the Volcanic Eifel Nature Park. It is located about 4.5 km as the crow flies south of the town of Daun, immediately southwest of Schalkenmehren by the Schalkenmehrener Maar.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>On the summit of this sparsely wooded domed hill stands the Hoher List Observatory and, on its densely forested southwestern spur at an elevation of is the castle of Altburg.</p><br>
<p>The L 64 state road, a section of the Eifel-Ardennes Road, runs past the summit of the Hoher List, linking Schalkenmehren to the north with Brockscheid to the south.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sorell is a mountain located in the West Coast region of Tasmania, Australia.</p><br>
<p>With an elevation of 1,144 m above sea level,</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mountain was named in honour of William Sorell (1775 - 4 June 1848), a soldier who served as the third Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen&#39;s Land.</p><br>
<p>Alluvial gold was found in adjacent creeks in the 1880s.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Its eastern face dominates the Clark River valley, which separates it from Mount Darwin.</p><br>
<p>Because of its position, its appearance and dominance over the Macquarie Harbour just north east of Sarah Island, it was an early named mountain, and no doubt one which gave a sense of barrier to convicts with dreams of escape. Some folklore passed from convict times claim leg irons or other items were found by troops looking for escaped convicts on its slopes.</p><br>
<p>It has no points of access like the nearby mountains, and in general remains relatively untouched compared to the West Coast Range mountains with old mine workings, walking track, and other signs of human activity.</p><br>
<p>The Cape at the outer part of Hells Gates at the entrance to Macquarie Harbour is known as Cape Sorell, and there is a locality in south eastern Tasmania called Sorell.</p><br>
<p>Prosotsani  is a municipality and town within the municipality located in the western part of the Drama regional unit in Greece. The 2011 census reported a population of 9,065 inhabitants for the municipal unit, and 3,553 for the town. A local attraction is the cave at the source of the Angitis River, located at the village of Angitis in the community of Kokkinogeia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prosotsani is a historic town (and a former center of tobacco production) built on the foot of Menekio mountain. It was a sub-district in the Drama sanjak in the Selanik vilayet as "Pürsıçan" before the Balkan Wars.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Prosotsani was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Prosotsani</p><br>
<p>Sitagroi</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 481.846 km, the municipal unit 418.956 km.</p><br>
<p>Doxato  is a town and municipality in the Drama regional unit, in East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Kalampaki.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Doxato was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Doxato</p><br>
<p>Kalampaki</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 243.400 km, the municipal unit 162.336 km. The former municipality of Doxato was founded as a result of law 2539/1997 ("Plan Kapodistria"), by merging the former municipalities of Doxato and Megalou Alexandrou, and the former communities of Agios Athanasios and Kefalarion. According to the 2011 census, the former municipality had a population of 8,943 and the town 2,884.</p><br>
<h2>History (Doxato Massacres)</h2><br>
<p>Doxato was the scene of two major massacres in recent history.</p><br>
<p>The first massacre occurred during the Second Balkan War, fought between Greece and Serbia on one hand and Bulgaria on the other. According to Greek sources, on June 30, 1913, a Bulgarian cavalry unit surrounded Doxato and proceeded to massacre between 500 and 600 inhabitants (depending on source), including women and children, burning the town to the ground in the process. However, according to a report by an international commission, organized by the Carnegie endowment, the massacre had been actually committed by local Muslims armed by the Bulgarian army</p><br>
<p>The second massacre took place on 29 September 1941 during the Second World War, when Doxato was again (together with the Eastern Macedonia and Thrace) under Bulgarian occupation. During the night of 28–29 September 1941, an insurrection against the Bulgarian occupation troops broke out in nearby Drama by the Communist party of Greece (KKE) and spread to the surrounding country. The local police station in Doxato was attacked, leading to the death of 6-7 Bulgarian policemen. Although those who participated in the insurrection were killed or fled to the mountains, reprisals were harsh. The next day, Bulgarian forces rounded up all the men in town aged 14 and over, and after dividing them into groups of ten, executed them on the night of 29 September 1941. After the revolt, a period of state terror began, involving arrests, house searches and physical violence against citizens.</p><br>
<h2>Distinctions</h2><br>
<p>The Greek government has awarded the town the title of Hero and Martyr City (Ηρωική και Μαρτυρική Πόλη) in recognition for the massacres it has suffered.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Doxato has two sports clubs, Flilippoi Doxatou, a football club, and AED (a basketball club).</p><br>
<p>Eastern Alps is the name given to the eastern half of the Alps, usually defined as the area east of a line from Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine valley up to the Splügen Pass at the Alpine divide and down the Liro River to Lake Como in the south. The peaks and mountain passes are lower compared to the Western Alps, while the range itself is broader and less arched.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Eastern Alps include the eastern parts of Switzerland (mainly Graubünden), all of Liechtenstein, and most of Austria from Vorarlberg to the east, as well as parts of extreme Southern Germany (Upper Bavaria), northwestern Italy (Lombardy), northeastern Italy (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia) and a good portion of northern Slovenia (Upper Carniola and Lower Styria). In the south the range is bound by the Italian Padan Plain; in the north the valley of the Danube river separates it from the Bohemian Massif. The easternmost spur is formed by the Vienna Woods range, with the Leopoldsberg overlooking the Danube and the Vienna basin, which is the transition zone to the arch of the Carpathian Mountains.</p><br>
<p>The highest mountain in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina at 4,049 m in the Bernina Group of the Western Rhaetian Alps in Switzerland. The sole four-thousander of the range, its name is taken from the Bernina Pass and was given in 1850 by Johann Coaz, who also made the first ascent. The rocks composing Piz Bernina are diorites and gabbros, while the massif in general is composed of granites (Piz Corvatsch, Piz Palü). Excepting other peaks in the Bernina range, the next highest is the Ortler at 3,905 m in Italian South Tyrol and third the Großglockner at 3,798 m, the highest mountain of Austria. The region around the Großglockner and the adjacent Pasterze Glacier has been a special protection area within the High Tauern National Park since 1986.</p><br>
<p>Mount Sulzfluh is well frequented by climbers and is situated in the Rätikon range of the Alps, on the border between Austria and Switzerland. On the eastern side is a mountain path, of grade T4, allowing non-climbers to reach the 2817 metre summit. There are six known caves in the limestone mountain, with lengths between 800 and 3000 or more yards, all with entrances on the Eastern side, in Switzerland.</p><br>
<p>Mount Grauspitz (Vorder Grauspitze or Vorder Grauspitz on some maps) is the highest summit of the Rätikon, located on the border between Liechtenstein and Switzerland.</p><br>
<p>The Rätikon mountain range, in the Central Eastern Alps, derives its name from Raetia.</p><br>
<p>Only about 30% of Graubünden is commonly regarded as productive land, of which forests cover about a fifth of the total area. In its southeastern part lies the only official Swiss National Park. In its northern part the mountains were formed as part of the thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona, in 2008. Another Biosphere Reserve is the Biosfera Val Müstair adjacent to the Swiss National Park whereas Ela Nature Park is one of the regionally supported parks.</p><br>
<h2>Classification</h2><br>
<h3>Geomorphology</h3><br>
<p>The ranges are subdivided by several deeply indented river valleys, mostly running east-west, including the Inn, Salzach, Enns, Adige, Drava and Mur valleys. According to the traditional Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps (AVE) widely used by Austrian and German mountaineers, these mountain chains comprise several dozen smaller mountain groups, each assigned to four larger regions:</p><br>
<p>Northern Limestone Alps</p><br>
<p>Central Eastern Alps</p><br>
<p>Southern Limestone Alps</p><br>
<p>Western Limestone Alps</p><br>
<p>For the breakdown of these regions into mountain groups see the List of mountain groups in the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps. The Swiss Alpine Club (SAC) has a slightly different classififcation of the ranges, based on the political borders in the canton of Graubünden. In Italy the 1926 Partizione delle Alpi concept is quite common, recently superseded by the SOIUSA attempt to combine the different approaches. Other specific, especially hydrographical arrangements are also in use.</p><br>
<h3>Tectonics</h3><br>
<p>The Alps comprise four main nappe systems:</p><br>
<p>The Helvetic nappes (Helveticum, Dauphiné), with their main ranges in the Western Alps. They consist primarily of Cretaceous and Paleogene sedimentary rocks in multiple folds.</p><br>
<p>The Penninic nappes (Penninicum), Jurassic sediments of the Tethys Ocean stretching from the Eurasian to the Apulian Plate, pushed together during the Alpine orogeny. They comprise a Flysch zone and several crystalline rocks in geological windows, such as the Engadin window and the Hohe Tauern window in the Central Alps.</p><br>
<p>The East Alpine system: the Northern Limestone Alps, made up of Mesozoic (Triassic) rocks, the Paleozoic slate (Kitzbühel and Salzburg Slate Alps) and the greywacke zone, as well as the crystalline Central Eastern Alps, the Precambrian and Paleozoic remnants of a main strike.</p><br>
<p>The South Alpine system (Dinaric nappes) south of the Periadriatic Seam (Valtellina—Tonale Pass—Puster Valley—Gailtal—Karawanks). They mainly consist of Mesozoic and Paleozoic formations (Carnic Alps, Karawanks and several smaller strikes) with little faults, whose nappes and folds are oriented towards the south.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ice age</h3><br>
<p>During the Würm glaciation, the Eastern Alps were drier than the Western Alps, with the contiguous ice shield ending in the region of the Niedere Tauern in Austria. This allowed many species to survive the ice age in the Eastern Alps where they could not survive elsewhere. For that reason, many species of plants are endemic to the Eastern Alps.</p><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>A Bronze Age settlement at the site goes back as far as the Pfyn culture (3900–3500 BC), making Chur one of the oldest settlements in Switzerland. In ancient times, the area of what is today Ticino was settled by the Lepontii, a Celtic tribe. Later, probably around the reign of Augustus, it became part of the Roman Empire. By 259, Alamanni tribes had overran the Limes and caused widespread devastation of Roman cities and settlements. The Roman Empire succeeded in re-establishing the Rhine as the border, but it was now a frontier province. The late Roman influx from the north by the Alemanni also influenced the makeup of the Principality of Liechtenstein and is also evidenced by the remains of a Roman fort at Schaan.</p><br>
<p>Most of the lands of the region were once part of a Roman province called Raetia, which was established in 15 BC. The current capital of Graubünden, Chur, was known as Curia in Roman times. The area was later part of the diocese of Chur. A Roman road crossed Liechtenstein from south to north, traversing the Alps by the Splügen Pass and following the right bank of the Rhine at the edge of the floodplain, for long uninhabited because of periodic flooding. Some Roman villas have been excavated in Schaanwald and Nendeln. Nearly 2000 years later, some of the population of Graubünden still speak Romansh which has descended from Vulgar Latin.</p><br>
<p>In the 4th century Chur became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north to the Alps. Despite a legend assigning its foundation to a legendary British king, St Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio in AD 451.</p><br>
<p>In ancient times, the region had long been inhabited by the Celts before it became part of the ancient Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum. In the 6th century the Slavs settled the area, and the local dioceses collapsed. This is shown in archaeological culture. A Slavic language group was established in the area. The Alpine Slavs, who are reckoned to be ancestors of present-day Slovenes, also settled in the easternmost mountainous areas of Friulia, known as the Friulian Slavia, as well in as the Kras Plateau and the area north and south of Gorizia. At this time, Chur was also conquered by the Franks. By the 590s AD, today&#39;s East Tyrol and Carinthia had come to be referred to in historical sources as Provincia Sclaborum (the Country of Slavs). The territory settled by Slavs, however, was also inhabited by remnants of the indigenous Romanised Celtic and Pannonian population, who preserved the Christian faith and helped convert the Slavs of Carantania.</p><br>
<p>After the fall of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 553, the Germanic tribe of the Lombards invaded Italy via the Tyrol and founded the Lombard Kingdom of Italy, which no longer included all of Tyrol, but only its southern part. The northern part of Tyrol came under the influence of the Bavarii, while the west was probably part of Alamannia.</p><br>
<p>Carantania was absorbed into the Frankish Empire in 745. The province of Lower Rhaetia was formed in 814. Liechtenstein&#39;s borders have remained unchanged since 1434, when the Rhine was established as the border between the Holy Roman Empire and the newly formed Swiss cantons.</p><br>
<p>The city of Chur suffered several invasions: by the Magyars in 925–926, when the cathedral was destroyed, and by the Saracens (940 and 954), but afterwards it flourished thanks to its location, where the roads from several major Alpine transit routes come together and continue down the Rhine river. In 926 more Magyar raiders attacked the abbey and the nearby town of St Gallen.</p><br>
<h3>Medieval history</h3><br>
<p>In the years 1007 and 1027 the Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire granted the counties of Trento and Vinschgau to the Bishopric of Trent and the Bishopric of Brixen the county of Norital in 1027 and the Puster Valley in 1091 by the county of Milan and Como.</p><br>
<p>By about 1100 Ticino was the centre of struggle between the free communes of Milan and Como.</p><br>
<p>The upper Rhine river had been viseted by traders since Roman times, but acquired greater importance under the Ottonian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Otto I appointed his vassal Hartpert as bishop of Chur in 958, and awarded the bishopric numerous privileges. In 1170 the bishop became a prince-bishop and kept total control over the road between Chur and Chiavenna. After the fall of the Western Empire, Ticino was ruled by the Ostrogoths, the Lombards and the Franks. Liechtenstein was under the Alamannii.</p><br>
<p>From upper Valais, the Walser began to spread south, west and east between the 12th and 13th centuries, in the so-called Walser migrations (Walserwanderungen).</p><br>
<p>In the 13th century Chur had some 1,300 inhabitants, and was surrounded by a line of walls. In 1367 the foundation of the Three Leagues in the area was a first step towards Churs autonomy: a burgmeister (mayor) is first mentioned in 1413, and the bishops residence was attacked by the inhabitants. Chur was the chief town of the Gotteshausbund or Chadé (League of the House of God), and one of the regular meeting places of the assemblies of the Leagues. As the power of the bishops, now increasingly under the influence of the nearby Habsburg County of Tyrol, decreased, in 1464 the citizens wrote a constitution which was adopted as the rule for the peoples of the local guilds and political positions.</p><br>
<p>The medieval county of Vaduz was formed in 1342 as a small subdivision of the Werdenberg county of the dynasty of Montfort of Vorarlberg.</p><br>
<p>In 1367 the League of Gods House (Cadi, Gottes Haus, Ca di Dio) was founded to resist the rising power of the Bishop of Chur. This was followed by the establishment of the Grey League (Grauer Bund), sometimes called Oberbund, in 1395 in the Upper Rhine valley.</p><br>
<p>In the 14th century it was acquired by the Visconti, Dukes of Milan. In the 15th century the Swiss Confederates conquered the valleys south of the Alps in three separate conquests.</p><br>
<h3>Modern history</h3><br>
<p>When Graubünden became a Swiss canton in 1803, Chur was chosen as its capital.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Piz Bernina (4,049 m) was given its name in 1850 by Johann Coaz, who also made the first ascent.</p><br>
